Media Coverage (CN): 甲子光年 | 36氪 | 机器之心 | 量子位
Hardware Sponser's Highlight: Galaxea 星海图(Track#1) | AgileX 松灵机器人(Track#2) | ARX 方舟无限(Track#3)
😎 A curated list of research, news, datasets, benchmarks, hardware systems, challenges/competitions and real-world applications in Bimanual Manipulation and Learning from Demonstrations — affiliated with the ICRA 2025 What Bimanual Teleoperation and Learning from Demonstration Can Do (WBCD) Today Competition, founded by Dr. Zhuo Xu. Stay tuned as this list evolves alongside the upcoming technical survey, which will include taxonomy, insights, and contributions within recent 5 years and our lessons learned from WBCD competition.
📣 Disclaimer: The paper release timestamps and acceptance status are primarily based on the comment section on arXiv. We will continue to verify and update this information. If you are the author of a paper, feel free to open an issue to help us keep things up to date!
📣 Call of PRs! Think we missed your awesome paper or work? You're very welcome to open a pull request with the title and link — we'll review and update after checking the scope!
In recent years, the field of bimanual teleoperation and learning from demonstration (LfD) has witnessed remarkable progress, driven by innovations in human sensing technologies and diverse robotic embodiments. Systems like ALOHA, Mobile ALOHA, DexCap, Open-TeleVision, HATO, GELLO, AirExo, and UMI have demonstrated the potential of combining intuitive control interfaces with data-driven learning techniques to enable dexterous, human-like robot manipulation.
However, much of the existing research has been conducted in isolated settings, with researchers designing their own tasks and evaluating their own systems. Key industrial concerns such as motion efficiency, system robustness, cost-effectiveness, and the ease of learning deployable policies—have often been overlooked in academic benchmarks.
To bridge this gap between research and real-world impact, we launched the ICRA 2025 WBCD Competition. The competition aimed to create a shared platform where the community could evaluate technologies on a common set of challenging, practical, and industry-relevant tasks, using diverse human-sensing and teleoperation methods (e.g., VR, puppeteering, exoskeletons, hand-held grippers, gloves and more).
This awesome list is a continuation of that effort. Our vision is to curate, consolidate, and continuously update the most impactful work in the field from the past five years—covering algorithms, datasets, simulators, and hardware systems—and to foster collaboration across academia and industry toward building practical, generalizable bimanual manipulation.
🏆 Challenge ICRA 2025, Atlanta, USA | Website🏆 Challenge ICRA 2026, Vienna, Austria | WebsitearXiv 05/2025arXiv 04/2025arXiv 04/2025IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 08/2022Robotics and Autonomous Systems 10/2012
Includes accepted and arXiv technical papers on bimanual manipulation.
🚧 TODO: Currently listed in reverse chronological order by year; further categorization by algorithmic approach and end-effector type is in progress.
arXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv ?/2025 | HuggingfacearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 06/2025 | WebsiteICML 2025 06/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 06/2025 | WebsiteRSS WS 2025 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 05/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 05/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 04/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteRAL 2025 04/2025 | WebsitearXiv 04/2025 | WebsiteGoogle Deepmind 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteICRA 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteICLR 2025 WS 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteNVIDIA 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteROBIO 2025 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteICRA 2025 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsitearXiv 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 01/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 01/2025 | WebsitearXiv 01/2025 | WebsiteHRI 2025 01/2025 | WebsitearXiv 01/2025 | WebsiteGENISIS Team 01/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2024 | WebsitearXiv 12/2024 | WebsiteRSS 2025 12/2024 | WebsiteRAL 2024 11/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 WS 11/2024 | WebsiteNeurIPS 2024 11/2024 | WebsitearXiv 11/2024 | WebsitearXiv 11/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 11/2024 | WebsiteICLR 2025 11/2024 | WebsitearXiv 11/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 11/2024 | WebsitePhysical Inteeligence 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2024 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 10/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 10/2024 | WebsiteROBIO 2024 10/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 10/2024 | WebsitearXiv 10/2024 | WebsitearXiv 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 08/2024 | WebsitearXiv 08/2024 | WebsitearXiv 07/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 07/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 07/2024 | WebsitearXiv 07/2024 | WebsitearXiv 07/2024 | WebsiteIROS 2024 06/2024 | WebsiteWAFR 2024 06/2024 | WebsitearXiv 06/2024 | WebsitearXiv 05/2024 | WebsiteSMC 2024 05/2024 | WebsitearXiv 05/2024 | WebsitearXiv 05/2024 | WebsiteCVPR 2024 05/2024 | WebsiteIROS 2024 04/2024 | WebsitearXiv 04/2024 | WebsitearXiv 04/2024 | WebsiteUR 2024 04/2024 | WebsiteHumanoids 2024 04/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsiteIROS 2024 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 02/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2024 02/2024 | WebsiteRSS 2024 02/2024 | WebsitearXiv 01/2024 | WebsitearXiv 01/2024 | WebsitearXiv 01/2024 | WebsiteTPAMI 2023 12/2023 | WebsiteScience Robotics 2023 11/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2023 10/2023 | WebsitearXiv 09/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2024 09/2023 | WebsitearXiv 09/2023 | WebsitearXiv 09/2023 | WebsiteCoRL 2023 09/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2023 09/2023 | WebsitearXiv 07/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2023 07/2023 | WebsiteRAL 2023 07/2023 | WebsiteCDC 2023 07/2023 | WebsitearXiv 07/2023 | WebsitearXiv 06/2023 | WebsiteIROS 2023 06/2023 | WebsiteRSS 2023 05/2023 | WebsiteRSS 2023 05/2023 | WebsitearXiv 05/2023 | WebsitearXiv 04/2023 | WebsiteIJRR 2023 04/2023 | WebsitearXiv 03/2023 | WebsitearXiv 02/2023 | WebsiteTRO 2023 02/2023 | WebsitearXiv 02/2023 | WebsitearXiv 11/2022 | WebsitearXiv 11/2022 | WebsitearXiv 09/2022 | WebsitearXiv 09/2022 | WebsitearXiv 09/2022 | WebsitearXiv 08/2022 | WebsiteIROS 2022 08/2022 | WebsiteIROS 2022 08/2022 | WebsitearXiv 06/2022 | WebsiteRobotics & Automation Magazine 2023 06/2022 | WebsiteRAL 2022 05/2022 | WebsitearXiv 05/2022 | WebsitearXiv 03/2022 | WebsiteCoRL 2021 11/2021 | WebsitearXiv 10/2021 | WebsitearXiv 10/2021 | WebsitearXiv 09/2021 | WebsitearXiv 06/2021 | WebsitearXiv 05/2021 | Website
Includes existing datasets and benchmarks that support bimanual manipulation.
🚧 TODO: Currently listed in reverse chronological order by year; further categorization is in progress.
arXiv 05/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteGENISIS Team 01/2025 | WebsiteNeurIPS 2024 11/2024 | Website
Includes hardware systems designed for bimanual manipulation tasks.
🚧 TODO: Currently listed in reverse chronological order by year; further classification into lab prototypes vs. commercial/industrial products is in progress.
1st WBCD - Second Prize Award 04/2025 | VideoXLeRobot Team 04/2025 | Website
Includes various data collection setups and methods for bimanual manipulation tasks.
🚧 TODO: TBD
Media Coverage (CN): 甲子光年 | 36氪 | 机器之心 | 量子位
Hardware Sponser's Highlight: Galaxea 星海图(Track#1) | AgileX 松灵机器人(Track#2) | ARX 方舟无限(Track#3)
😎 A curated list of research, news, datasets, benchmarks, hardware systems, challenges/competitions and real-world applications in Bimanual Manipulation and Learning from Demonstrations — affiliated with the ICRA 2025 What Bimanual Teleoperation and Learning from Demonstration Can Do (WBCD) Today Competition, founded by Dr. Zhuo Xu. Stay tuned as this list evolves alongside the upcoming technical survey, which will include taxonomy, insights, and contributions within recent 5 years and our lessons learned from WBCD competition.
📣 Disclaimer: The paper release timestamps and acceptance status are primarily based on the comment section on arXiv. We will continue to verify and update this information. If you are the author of a paper, feel free to open an issue to help us keep things up to date!
📣 Call of PRs! Think we missed your awesome paper or work? You're very welcome to open a pull request with the title and link — we'll review and update after checking the scope!
In recent years, the field of bimanual teleoperation and learning from demonstration (LfD) has witnessed remarkable progress, driven by innovations in human sensing technologies and diverse robotic embodiments. Systems like ALOHA, Mobile ALOHA, DexCap, Open-TeleVision, HATO, GELLO, AirExo, and UMI have demonstrated the potential of combining intuitive control interfaces with data-driven learning techniques to enable dexterous, human-like robot manipulation.
However, much of the existing research has been conducted in isolated settings, with researchers designing their own tasks and evaluating their own systems. Key industrial concerns such as motion efficiency, system robustness, cost-effectiveness, and the ease of learning deployable policies—have often been overlooked in academic benchmarks.
To bridge this gap between research and real-world impact, we launched the ICRA 2025 WBCD Competition. The competition aimed to create a shared platform where the community could evaluate technologies on a common set of challenging, practical, and industry-relevant tasks, using diverse human-sensing and teleoperation methods (e.g., VR, puppeteering, exoskeletons, hand-held grippers, gloves and more).
This awesome list is a continuation of that effort. Our vision is to curate, consolidate, and continuously update the most impactful work in the field from the past five years—covering algorithms, datasets, simulators, and hardware systems—and to foster collaboration across academia and industry toward building practical, generalizable bimanual manipulation.
🏆 Challenge ICRA 2025, Atlanta, USA | Website🏆 Challenge ICRA 2026, Vienna, Austria | WebsitearXiv 05/2025arXiv 04/2025arXiv 04/2025IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 08/2022Robotics and Autonomous Systems 10/2012
Includes accepted and arXiv technical papers on bimanual manipulation.
🚧 TODO: Currently listed in reverse chronological order by year; further categorization by algorithmic approach and end-effector type is in progress.
arXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 11/2025 | WebsitearXiv ?/2025 | HuggingfacearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 10/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 09/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 08/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 07/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 06/2025 | WebsiteICML 2025 06/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 06/2025 | WebsiteRSS WS 2025 06/2025 | WebsitearXiv 06/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 05/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsitearXiv 05/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 05/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 04/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteRAL 2025 04/2025 | WebsitearXiv 04/2025 | WebsiteGoogle Deepmind 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteICRA 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 03/2025 | WebsiteICLR 2025 WS 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteNVIDIA 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteROBIO 2025 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteICRA 2025 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsitearXiv 03/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsitearXiv 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 02/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 02/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 01/2025 | WebsitePhysical Intelligence 01/2025 | WebsitearXiv 01/2025 | WebsiteHRI 2025 01/2025 | WebsitearXiv 01/2025 | WebsiteGENISIS Team 01/2025 | WebsitearXiv 12/2024 | WebsitearXiv 12/2024 | WebsiteRSS 2025 12/2024 | WebsiteRAL 2024 11/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 WS 11/2024 | WebsiteNeurIPS 2024 11/2024 | WebsitearXiv 11/2024 | WebsitearXiv 11/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 11/2024 | WebsiteICLR 2025 11/2024 | WebsitearXiv 11/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 11/2024 | WebsitePhysical Inteeligence 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2024 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 10/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 10/2024 | WebsiteROBIO 2024 10/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 10/2024 | WebsitearXiv 10/2024 | WebsitearXiv 10/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2025 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 09/2024 | WebsitearXiv 08/2024 | WebsitearXiv 08/2024 | WebsitearXiv 07/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 07/2024 | WebsiteCoRL 2024 07/2024 | WebsitearXiv 07/2024 | WebsitearXiv 07/2024 | WebsiteIROS 2024 06/2024 | WebsiteWAFR 2024 06/2024 | WebsitearXiv 06/2024 | WebsitearXiv 05/2024 | WebsiteSMC 2024 05/2024 | WebsitearXiv 05/2024 | WebsitearXiv 05/2024 | WebsiteCVPR 2024 05/2024 | WebsiteIROS 2024 04/2024 | WebsitearXiv 04/2024 | WebsitearXiv 04/2024 | WebsiteUR 2024 04/2024 | WebsiteHumanoids 2024 04/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsiteIROS 2024 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 03/2024 | WebsitearXiv 02/2024 | WebsiteICRA 2024 02/2024 | WebsiteRSS 2024 02/2024 | WebsitearXiv 01/2024 | WebsitearXiv 01/2024 | WebsitearXiv 01/2024 | WebsiteTPAMI 2023 12/2023 | WebsiteScience Robotics 2023 11/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2023 10/2023 | WebsitearXiv 09/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2024 09/2023 | WebsitearXiv 09/2023 | WebsitearXiv 09/2023 | WebsiteCoRL 2023 09/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2023 09/2023 | WebsitearXiv 07/2023 | WebsiteICRA 2023 07/2023 | WebsiteRAL 2023 07/2023 | WebsiteCDC 2023 07/2023 | WebsitearXiv 07/2023 | WebsitearXiv 06/2023 | WebsiteIROS 2023 06/2023 | WebsiteRSS 2023 05/2023 | WebsiteRSS 2023 05/2023 | WebsitearXiv 05/2023 | WebsitearXiv 04/2023 | WebsiteIJRR 2023 04/2023 | WebsitearXiv 03/2023 | WebsitearXiv 02/2023 | WebsiteTRO 2023 02/2023 | WebsitearXiv 02/2023 | WebsitearXiv 11/2022 | WebsitearXiv 11/2022 | WebsitearXiv 09/2022 | WebsitearXiv 09/2022 | WebsitearXiv 09/2022 | WebsitearXiv 08/2022 | WebsiteIROS 2022 08/2022 | WebsiteIROS 2022 08/2022 | WebsitearXiv 06/2022 | WebsiteRobotics & Automation Magazine 2023 06/2022 | WebsiteRAL 2022 05/2022 | WebsitearXiv 05/2022 | WebsitearXiv 03/2022 | WebsiteCoRL 2021 11/2021 | WebsitearXiv 10/2021 | WebsitearXiv 10/2021 | WebsitearXiv 09/2021 | WebsitearXiv 06/2021 | WebsitearXiv 05/2021 | Website
Includes existing datasets and benchmarks that support bimanual manipulation.
🚧 TODO: Currently listed in reverse chronological order by year; further categorization is in progress.
arXiv 05/2025 | WebsiteRSS 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteCVPR 2025 04/2025 | WebsiteGENISIS Team 01/2025 | WebsiteNeurIPS 2024 11/2024 | Website
Includes hardware systems designed for bimanual manipulation tasks.
🚧 TODO: Currently listed in reverse chronological order by year; further classification into lab prototypes vs. commercial/industrial products is in progress.
1st WBCD - Second Prize Award 04/2025 | VideoXLeRobot Team 04/2025 | Website
Includes various data collection setups and methods for bimanual manipulation tasks.
🚧 TODO: TBD