HHHHHejia/Awesome-AgenticLLM-RL-Papers

1,899

38 commits

updated Jun 18, 2026

See the code

README

Awesome-AgenticLLM-RL-Papers

This is the Official repo for the survey paper: The Landscape of Agentic Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: A Survey

ArXiv – https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02547

HuggingFace – https://huggingface.co/papers/2509.02547

Citation

@article{
      zhang2026landscapeagenticreinforcementlearning,
      title={The Landscape of Agentic Reinforcement Learning for {LLM}s: A Survey},
      author={Guibin Zhang and Hejia Geng and Xiaohang Yu and Zhenfei Yin and Zaibin Zhang and Zelin Tan and Heng Zhou and Zhong-Zhi Li and Xiangyuan Xue and Yijiang Li and Yifan Zhou and Yang Chen and Chen Zhang and Yutao Fan and Zihu Wang and Songtao Huang and Francisco Piedrahita Velez and Yue Liao and Hongru WANG and Mengyue Yang and Heng Ji and Jun Wang and Shuicheng YAN and Philip Torr and LEI BAI},
      journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
      issn={2835-8856},
      year={2026},
      url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=RY19y2RI1O},
      note={Survey Certification}
}

Sec2.7 Agentic RL: Algorithms

Clip corresponds to preventing the policy ratio from moving too far from 1 for ensuring stable updates.
KL penalty corresponds to penalizing the KL divergence between the learned policy and the reference policy for ensuring alignment.

MethodYearObjective TypeClipKL PenaltyKey MechanismSignalLinkResource
PPO family
PPO2017Policy gradientYesNoPolicy ratio clippingRewardPaper-
VAPO2025Policy gradientYesAdaptiveAdaptive KL penalty + variance controlReward + variance signalPaper-
PF-PPO2024Policy gradientYesYesPolicy filtrationNoisy rewardPaperCode
VinePPO2024Policy gradientYesYesUnbiased value estimatesRewardPaperCode
PSGPO2024Policy gradientYesYesProcess supervisionProcess RewardPaper-
DPO family
DPO2024Preference optimizationNoYesImplicit reward related to the policyHuman preferencePaper-
β-DPO2024Preference optimizationNoAdaptiveDynamic KL coefficientHuman preferencePaperCode
SimPO2024Preference optimizationNoScaledUse avg log-prob of a sequence as implicit rewardHuman preferencePaperCode
IPO2024Implicit preferenceNoNoLLMs as preference classifiersPreference rankPaper-
KTO2024Knowledge transfer optimizationNoYesTeacher stabilizationTeacher-student logitPaperCode Model
ORPO2024Online regularized preference optimizationNoYesOnline stabilizationOnline feedback rewardPaperCode Model
Step-DPO2024Preference optimizationNoYesStep-wise supervisionStep-wise preferencePaperCode Model
LCPO2025Preference optimizationNoYesLength preference with limited data/trainingRewardPaper-
GRPO family
GRPO2025Policy gradient under group-based rewardYesYesGroup-based relative reward to eliminate value estimatesGroup-based rewardPaper-
DAPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesDecoupled clip + dynamic samplingDynamic group-based rewardPaperCode Model Website
LUFFY2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesMixed-policy GRPO with off-policy reasoning guidanceGroup-based reward (on + off policy)PaperCode Model
GSPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesSequence-level clipping, rewarding, optimizationSmooth group-based rewardPaper-
GMPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesGeometric mean of token-level rewardsMargin-based rewardPaperCode
ProRL2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesReference policy resetGroup-based rewardPaperModel
Posterior-GRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesReward only successful processesProcess-based rewardPaper-
Dr.GRPO2025Unbiased GRPO objectiveYesYesEliminate bias in optimizationGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
Step-GRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesRule-based reasoning rewardsStep-wise rewardPaperCode Model
SRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesTwo-staged history-resamplingRewardPaperModel
GRESO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesPre-rollout filteringRewardPaperCode Website
StarPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesReasoning-guided actions for multi-turn interactionsGroup-based rewardPaperCode Website
GHPO2025Policy gradientYesYesAdaptive prompt refinementRewardPaperCode
Skywork R1V22025GRPO with hybrid reward signalYesYesSelective sample bufferMultimodal rewardPaperCode Model
ASPO2025GRPO with shaped advantageYesYesClipped bias to advantageGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
TreePo2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesSelf-guided rollout, reduced compute burdenGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model Website
EDGE-GRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesEntropy-driven advantage + error correctionGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
ARPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesEntropy-aware agentic rollout + step-wise credit assignmentStep-wise reward/entropy signalPaperCode Model
DARS2025Same as GRPO'sYesNoMulti-stage rollout for hardest problemsGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
CHORD2025Weighted GRPO + SFTYesYesAuxiliary supervised lossGroup-based rewardPaperCode
PAPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesImplicit Perception LossGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model Website
Pass@k Training2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesPass@k metric as rewardGroup-based rewardPaperCode
KTAE2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesToken-level advantage estimationGroup-based rewardPaperCode

Sec4.1 Task: Search & Research Agent

MethodCategoryBase LLMLinkResource
Open Source Methods
DeepRetrievalExternalQwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Llama-3.2-3B-InstructPaperCode
Search-R1ExternalQwen2.5-3B/7B-Base/InstructPaperCode
R1-SearcherExternalQwen2.5-7B, Llama3.1-8B-InstructPaperCode
R1-Searcher++ExternalQwen2.5-7B-InstructPaperCode
ReSearchExternalQwen2.5-7B/32B-InstructPaperCode
StepSearchExternalQwen2.5-3B/7B-Base/InstructPaperCode
Tool-StarExternalQwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Llama3.2-3B-InstructPaperCode
WebDancerExternalQwen2.5-7B/32B, QWQ-32BPaperCode
WebThinkerExternalQwQ-32B, DeepSeek-R1-Distilled-Qwen-7B/14B/32B, Qwen2.5-32B-InstructPaperCode
WebSailorExternalQwen2.5-3B/7B/32B/72BPaperCode
AutoTIRExternalQwen2.5-7B-InstructPaperCode
WebWatcherExternalQwen2.5-VL-7B/32BPaperCode
ASearcherExternalQwen2.5-7B/14B, QwQ-32BPaperCode
ZeroSearchInternalQwen2.5-3B/7B-Base/InstructPaperCode
SSRLInternalQwen2.5-1.5B/3B/7B/14B/32B/72B-Instruct, Llama-3.2-1B/8B-Instruct, Llama-3.1-8B/70B-Instruct, Qwen3-0.6B/1.7B/4B/8B/14B/32BPaperCode
Search Self-playExternalQwen2.5-7B/14B/32B, LLaMA-3.1-8B, Qwen3-8BPaperCode
Closed Source Methods
OpenAI Deep ResearchExternalOpenAI ModelsBlogWebsite
Perplexity’s DeepResearchExternal-BlogWebsite
Google Gemini’s DeepResearchExternalGeminiBlogWebsite
Kimi-ResearcherExternalKimi K2BlogWebsite
Grok AI DeepSearchExternalGrok3BlogWebsite
Doubao with Deep ThinkExternalDoubaoBlogWebsite

Sec4.2 Task: Code Agent

MethodRL Reward TypeBase LLMLinkResource
RL for Code Generation
AceCoderOutcomeQwen2.5-Coder-7B-Base/Instruct, Qwen2.5-7B-InstructPaperCode
DeepCoder-14BOutcomeDeepseek-R1-Distilled-Qwen-14BBlogCode
RLTFOutcomeCodeGen-NL 2.7B, CodeT5PaperCode
CUREOutcomeQwen2.5-7B/14B-Instruct, Qwen3-4BPaperCode
Absolute ZeroOutcomeQwen2.5-7B/14B, Qwen2.5-Coder-3B/7B/14B, Llama-3.1-8BPaperCode
MSRLOutcomeQwen2.5-VL-7B-InstructPaperCode
StepCoderProcessDeepSeek-Coder-Instruct-6.7BPaperCode
Process Supervision-Guided POProcess-Paper-
CodeBoostProcessQwen2.5-Coder-7B-Instruct, Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, Seed-Coder-8B-Instruct, Yi-Coder-9B-ChatPaperCode
PRLCoderProcessCodeT5+, Unixcoder, T5-basePaper-
o1-CoderProcessDeepSeek-1.3B-InstructPaperCode
CodeFavorProcessMistral-NeMo-12B-Instruct, Gemma-2-9B-Instruct, Llama-3-8B-Instruct, Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3PaperCode
Focused-DPOProcessDeepSeek-Coder-6.7B-Base/Instruct, Magicoder-S-DS-6.7B, Qwen2.5-Coder-7B-InstructPaper-
RL for Iterative Code Refinement
RLEFOutcomeLlama-3.0-8B-Instruct, Llama-3.1-8B/70B-InstructPaper-
μCodeOutcomeLlama-3.2-1B/8B-InstructPaperCode
R1-Code-InterpreterOutcomeQwen2.5-7B/14B-Instruct-1M, Qwen2.5-3B-InstructPaperCode
IterPrefProcessDeepseek-Coder-7B-Instruct, Qwen2.5-Coder-7B, StarCoder2-15BPaper-
LeDexProcessStarCoder-15B, CodeLlama-7B/13BPaper-
CTRLProcessQwen2.5-Coder-7B/14B/32B-InstructPaperCode
ReVealProcessDAPO-Qwen-32B, Qwen2.5-32B-Instruc(not-working)Paper-
Posterior-GRPOProcessQwen2.5-Coder-3B/7B-Base, Qwen2.5-Math-7BPaper-
Policy Filtration for RLHFProcessDeepSeek-Coder-6.7B, Qwen1.5-7BPaperCode
RL for Automated Software Engineering (SWE)
DeepSWEOutcomeQwen3-32BBlogCode
SWE-RLOutcomeLlama-3.3-70B-InstructPaperCode
Satori-SWEOutcomeQwen-2.5-Math-7BPaperCode
RLCoderOutcomeCodeLlama7B, StartCoder-7B, StarCoder2-7B, DeepSeekCoder-1B/7BPaperCode
Qwen3-CoderOutcome-PaperCode
ML-AgentOutcomeQwen2.5-7B-Base/Instruct, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7BPaperCode
DeepAnalyzeOutcomeDeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen3-8BPaperCode
Golubev et al.ProcessQwen2.5-72B-InstructPaper-
SWEET-RLProcessLlama-3.1-8B/70B-InstructPaperCode

Sec4.3 Task: Mathematical Agent

MethodRewardLinkResource
RL for Informal Mathematical Reasoning
ARTISTOutcomePaper-
ToRLOutcomePaperCode Model
ZeroTIROutcomePaperCode Model
TTRLOutcomePaperCode
RENTOutcomePaperCode Website
SatoriOutcomePaperCode Model Website
1-shot RLVROutcomePaperCode Model
Prover-Verifier Games (legibility)OutcomePaper-
rStar2-AgentOutcomePaperCode
Tool-StarOutcomePaperCode
Parallel-R1OutcomePaperCode
STARTProcessPaper-
LADDERProcessPaper-
SWiRLProcessPaper-
RLoTProcessPaperCode
AutoTIRProcessPaperCode
SCRIBEProcessPaper-
RL for Formal Mathematical Reasoning
DeepSeek-Prover-v1.5OutcomePaperCode Model
Leanabell-ProverOutcomePaperCode Model
Kimina-Prover (Preview)OutcomePaperCode Model
Seed-ProverOutcomePaperCode
DeepSeek-Prover-v2ProcessPaperCode Model
ProofNet++ProcessPaper-
Leanabell-Prover-v2ProcessPaperCode
Hybrid
InternLM2.5-StepProverHybridPaperCode
Lean-STaRHybridPaperCode Model Website
STPHybridPaperCode Model

Sec4.4 Task: GUI Agent

MethodParadigmEnvironmentLinkResource
Non-RL GUI Agents
MM-NavigatorVanilla VLM-PaperCode
SeeActVanilla VLM-PaperCode
TRISHULVanilla VLM-Paper-
InfiGUIAgentSFT-PaperCode Model Website
UI-AGILESFT-PaperCode Model
TongUISFT-PaperCode Model Website
RL-based GUI Agents
GUI-R1RLStaticPaperCode Model
UI-R1RLStaticPaperCode Model
InFiGUI-R1RLStaticPaperCode Model
AgentCPMRLStaticPaperCode Model
WebAgent-R1RLInteractivePaper-
Vattikonda et al.RLInteractivePaper-
UI-TARSRLInteractivePaperCode Model Website
DiGiRLRLInteractivePaperCode Model Website
ZeroGUIRLInteractivePaperCode
MobileGUI-RLRLInteractivePaper-

Sec4.5 Task: RL in Vision Agents

TO BE ADDED


Sec4.6 Task: RL in Embodied Agents

TO BE ADDED


Sec4.7 Task: RL in Multi-Agent Systems

“Dynamic” denotes whether the multi-agent system is task-dynamic, i.e., processes different task queries with different configurations (agent count, topologies, reasoning depth, prompts, etc).
“Train” denotes whether the method involves training the LLM backbone of agents.

MethodDynamicTrainRL AlgorithmLinkResource
RL-Free Multi-Agent Systems (not exhaustive)
CAMEL-PaperCode Model
MetaGPT-PaperCode
MAD-PaperCode
MoA-PaperCode
AFlow-PaperCode
RL-Based Multi-Agent Training
GPTSwarmpolicy gradientPaperCode Website
MaASpolicy gradientPaperCode
G-Designerpolicy gradientPaperCode
MALTDPOPaper-
MARFTMARFTPaperCode
MAPoRLPPOPaperCode
MLPOMLPOPaper-
ReMAMAMRPPaperCode
FlowReasonerGRPOPaperCode
LEROMLPOPaper-
C3PPO / MAPPO / MAGRPOPaperCode Website
CURErule-based RLPaperCode Model
MMedAgent-RLGRPOPaper-
OWLDPOPaperCode

Sec4.8. Task: Other Tasks

TO BE ADDED

Sec5.1 Environments

The agent capabilities are denoted by:
① Reasoning, ② Planning, ③ Tool Use, ④ Memory, ⑤ Collaboration, ⑥ Self-Improve.

Environment / BenchmarkAgent CapabilityTask DomainModalityLinkResource
LMRL-Gym①, ④InteractionTextPaperCode
ALFWorld②, ①Embodied, Text GamesTextPaperCode Website
TextWorld②, ①Text GamesTextPaperCode
ScienceWorld①, ②Embodied, ScienceTextPaperCode Website
AgentGym①, ④Text GamesTextPaperCode Website
AgentbenchGeneralText, VisualPaperCode
InternBootcampGeneral, Coding, LogicTextPaperCode
LoCoMoInteractionTextPaperCode Website
MemoryAgentBenchInteractionTextPaperCode
WebShop②, ③WebTextPaperCode Website
Mind2Web②, ③WebText, VisualPaperCode Website
WebArena②, ③WebTextPaperCode Website
ClawBench②, ③WebText, VisualPaperCode Website HF Dataset
VisualwebArena①, ②, ③WebText, VisualPaperCode Website
AppWorld②, ③AppTextPaperCode Website
AndroidWorld②, ③GUI, AppText, VisualPaperCode
OSWorld②, ③GUI, OSText, VisualPaperCode Website
Debug-Gym①, ③SWETextPaperCode Website
MLE-Dojo②, ①MLETextPaperCode Website
τ-bench①, ③SWETextPaperCode
TheAgentCompany②, ③, ⑤SWETextPaperCode Website
MedAgentGymScienceTextPaperCode
SecRepoBench①, ③Coding, SecurityTextPaper-
R2E-Gym①, ②SWETextPaperCode Website
HumanEvalCodingTextPaperCode
MBPPCodingTextPaperCode
BigCodeBenchCodingTextPaperCode Website
LiveCodeBenchCodingTextPaperCode Website
SWE-bench①, ③SWETextPaperCode Website
SWE-rebench①, ③SWETextPaperWebsite
DevBench②, ①SWETextPaperCode
ProjectEval②, ①SWETextPaperCode Website
DA-Code①, ③Data Science, SWETextPaperCode Website
ColBench②, ①, ③SWE, Web DevTextPaperCode Website
NoCode-bench②, ①SWETextPaperCode Website
MLE-Bench②, ①, ③MLETextPaperCode Website
PaperBench②, ①, ③MLETextPaperCode Website
Crafter②, ④GameVisualPaperCode Website
Craftax②, ④GameVisualPaperCode
ELLM (Crafter variant)②, ①GameVisualPaperCode Website
SMAC / SMAC-Exp⑤, ②GameVisualPaperCode
Factorio②, ①GameVisualPaperCode Website

Sec5.2 Frameworks

FrameworkTypeKey FeaturesLinkResource
Agentic RL Frameworks
VerifiersAgent RL / LLM RLVerifiable environment setup-Code
SkyRL-v0/v0.1Agent RLLong-horizon real-world trainingBlog (v0) Blog (v0.1)Code
AREALAgent RL / LLM RLAsynchronous trainingPaperCode
MARTIMulti-agent RL / LLM RLIntegrated multi-agent training-Code
EasyR1Agent RL / LLM RLMultimodal support-Code
AgentFlyAgent RLScalable asynchronous executionPaperCode
Agent LightningAgent RLDecoupled hierarchical RLPaperCode
RLHF and LLM Fine-tuning Frameworks
OpenRLHFRLHF / LLM RLHigh-performance scalable RLHFPaperCode
TRLRLHF / LLM RLHugging Face RLHF-Code
trlXRLHF / LLM RLDistributed large-model RLHFPaperCode
HybridFlowRLHF / LLM RLStreamlined experiment managementPaperCode
SLiMeRLHF / LLM RLHigh-performance async RL-Code
General-purpose RL Frameworks
RLlibGeneral RL / Multi-agent RLProduction-grade scalable libraryPaperCode
AcmeGeneral RLModular distributed componentsPaperCode
TianshouGeneral RLHigh-performance PyTorch platformPaperCode
Stable Baselines3General RLReliable PyTorch algorithmsPaperCode
PFRLGeneral RLBenchmarked prototyping algorithmsPaperCode

Contributors

xhyumiracle

25 commits

HHHHHejia

4 commits

Necolizer

3 commits

AshAnand34

3 commits

HHHHHejia/Awesome-AgenticLLM-RL-Papers

1,899

38 commits

updated Jun 18, 2026

See the code

README

Awesome-AgenticLLM-RL-Papers

This is the Official repo for the survey paper: The Landscape of Agentic Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: A Survey

ArXiv – https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02547

HuggingFace – https://huggingface.co/papers/2509.02547

Citation

@article{
      zhang2026landscapeagenticreinforcementlearning,
      title={The Landscape of Agentic Reinforcement Learning for {LLM}s: A Survey},
      author={Guibin Zhang and Hejia Geng and Xiaohang Yu and Zhenfei Yin and Zaibin Zhang and Zelin Tan and Heng Zhou and Zhong-Zhi Li and Xiangyuan Xue and Yijiang Li and Yifan Zhou and Yang Chen and Chen Zhang and Yutao Fan and Zihu Wang and Songtao Huang and Francisco Piedrahita Velez and Yue Liao and Hongru WANG and Mengyue Yang and Heng Ji and Jun Wang and Shuicheng YAN and Philip Torr and LEI BAI},
      journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
      issn={2835-8856},
      year={2026},
      url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=RY19y2RI1O},
      note={Survey Certification}
}

Sec2.7 Agentic RL: Algorithms

Clip corresponds to preventing the policy ratio from moving too far from 1 for ensuring stable updates.
KL penalty corresponds to penalizing the KL divergence between the learned policy and the reference policy for ensuring alignment.

MethodYearObjective TypeClipKL PenaltyKey MechanismSignalLinkResource
PPO family
PPO2017Policy gradientYesNoPolicy ratio clippingRewardPaper-
VAPO2025Policy gradientYesAdaptiveAdaptive KL penalty + variance controlReward + variance signalPaper-
PF-PPO2024Policy gradientYesYesPolicy filtrationNoisy rewardPaperCode
VinePPO2024Policy gradientYesYesUnbiased value estimatesRewardPaperCode
PSGPO2024Policy gradientYesYesProcess supervisionProcess RewardPaper-
DPO family
DPO2024Preference optimizationNoYesImplicit reward related to the policyHuman preferencePaper-
β-DPO2024Preference optimizationNoAdaptiveDynamic KL coefficientHuman preferencePaperCode
SimPO2024Preference optimizationNoScaledUse avg log-prob of a sequence as implicit rewardHuman preferencePaperCode
IPO2024Implicit preferenceNoNoLLMs as preference classifiersPreference rankPaper-
KTO2024Knowledge transfer optimizationNoYesTeacher stabilizationTeacher-student logitPaperCode Model
ORPO2024Online regularized preference optimizationNoYesOnline stabilizationOnline feedback rewardPaperCode Model
Step-DPO2024Preference optimizationNoYesStep-wise supervisionStep-wise preferencePaperCode Model
LCPO2025Preference optimizationNoYesLength preference with limited data/trainingRewardPaper-
GRPO family
GRPO2025Policy gradient under group-based rewardYesYesGroup-based relative reward to eliminate value estimatesGroup-based rewardPaper-
DAPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesDecoupled clip + dynamic samplingDynamic group-based rewardPaperCode Model Website
LUFFY2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesMixed-policy GRPO with off-policy reasoning guidanceGroup-based reward (on + off policy)PaperCode Model
GSPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesSequence-level clipping, rewarding, optimizationSmooth group-based rewardPaper-
GMPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesGeometric mean of token-level rewardsMargin-based rewardPaperCode
ProRL2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesReference policy resetGroup-based rewardPaperModel
Posterior-GRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesReward only successful processesProcess-based rewardPaper-
Dr.GRPO2025Unbiased GRPO objectiveYesYesEliminate bias in optimizationGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
Step-GRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesRule-based reasoning rewardsStep-wise rewardPaperCode Model
SRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesTwo-staged history-resamplingRewardPaperModel
GRESO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesPre-rollout filteringRewardPaperCode Website
StarPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesReasoning-guided actions for multi-turn interactionsGroup-based rewardPaperCode Website
GHPO2025Policy gradientYesYesAdaptive prompt refinementRewardPaperCode
Skywork R1V22025GRPO with hybrid reward signalYesYesSelective sample bufferMultimodal rewardPaperCode Model
ASPO2025GRPO with shaped advantageYesYesClipped bias to advantageGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
TreePo2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesSelf-guided rollout, reduced compute burdenGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model Website
EDGE-GRPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesEntropy-driven advantage + error correctionGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
ARPO2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesEntropy-aware agentic rollout + step-wise credit assignmentStep-wise reward/entropy signalPaperCode Model
DARS2025Same as GRPO'sYesNoMulti-stage rollout for hardest problemsGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model
CHORD2025Weighted GRPO + SFTYesYesAuxiliary supervised lossGroup-based rewardPaperCode
PAPO2025Surrogate of GRPO'sYesYesImplicit Perception LossGroup-based rewardPaperCode Model Website
Pass@k Training2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesPass@k metric as rewardGroup-based rewardPaperCode
KTAE2025Same as GRPO'sYesYesToken-level advantage estimationGroup-based rewardPaperCode

Sec4.1 Task: Search & Research Agent

MethodCategoryBase LLMLinkResource
Open Source Methods
DeepRetrievalExternalQwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Llama-3.2-3B-InstructPaperCode
Search-R1ExternalQwen2.5-3B/7B-Base/InstructPaperCode
R1-SearcherExternalQwen2.5-7B, Llama3.1-8B-InstructPaperCode
R1-Searcher++ExternalQwen2.5-7B-InstructPaperCode
ReSearchExternalQwen2.5-7B/32B-InstructPaperCode
StepSearchExternalQwen2.5-3B/7B-Base/InstructPaperCode
Tool-StarExternalQwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Llama3.2-3B-InstructPaperCode
WebDancerExternalQwen2.5-7B/32B, QWQ-32BPaperCode
WebThinkerExternalQwQ-32B, DeepSeek-R1-Distilled-Qwen-7B/14B/32B, Qwen2.5-32B-InstructPaperCode
WebSailorExternalQwen2.5-3B/7B/32B/72BPaperCode
AutoTIRExternalQwen2.5-7B-InstructPaperCode
WebWatcherExternalQwen2.5-VL-7B/32BPaperCode
ASearcherExternalQwen2.5-7B/14B, QwQ-32BPaperCode
ZeroSearchInternalQwen2.5-3B/7B-Base/InstructPaperCode
SSRLInternalQwen2.5-1.5B/3B/7B/14B/32B/72B-Instruct, Llama-3.2-1B/8B-Instruct, Llama-3.1-8B/70B-Instruct, Qwen3-0.6B/1.7B/4B/8B/14B/32BPaperCode
Search Self-playExternalQwen2.5-7B/14B/32B, LLaMA-3.1-8B, Qwen3-8BPaperCode
Closed Source Methods
OpenAI Deep ResearchExternalOpenAI ModelsBlogWebsite
Perplexity’s DeepResearchExternal-BlogWebsite
Google Gemini’s DeepResearchExternalGeminiBlogWebsite
Kimi-ResearcherExternalKimi K2BlogWebsite
Grok AI DeepSearchExternalGrok3BlogWebsite
Doubao with Deep ThinkExternalDoubaoBlogWebsite

Sec4.2 Task: Code Agent

MethodRL Reward TypeBase LLMLinkResource
RL for Code Generation
AceCoderOutcomeQwen2.5-Coder-7B-Base/Instruct, Qwen2.5-7B-InstructPaperCode
DeepCoder-14BOutcomeDeepseek-R1-Distilled-Qwen-14BBlogCode
RLTFOutcomeCodeGen-NL 2.7B, CodeT5PaperCode
CUREOutcomeQwen2.5-7B/14B-Instruct, Qwen3-4BPaperCode
Absolute ZeroOutcomeQwen2.5-7B/14B, Qwen2.5-Coder-3B/7B/14B, Llama-3.1-8BPaperCode
MSRLOutcomeQwen2.5-VL-7B-InstructPaperCode
StepCoderProcessDeepSeek-Coder-Instruct-6.7BPaperCode
Process Supervision-Guided POProcess-Paper-
CodeBoostProcessQwen2.5-Coder-7B-Instruct, Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, Seed-Coder-8B-Instruct, Yi-Coder-9B-ChatPaperCode
PRLCoderProcessCodeT5+, Unixcoder, T5-basePaper-
o1-CoderProcessDeepSeek-1.3B-InstructPaperCode
CodeFavorProcessMistral-NeMo-12B-Instruct, Gemma-2-9B-Instruct, Llama-3-8B-Instruct, Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3PaperCode
Focused-DPOProcessDeepSeek-Coder-6.7B-Base/Instruct, Magicoder-S-DS-6.7B, Qwen2.5-Coder-7B-InstructPaper-
RL for Iterative Code Refinement
RLEFOutcomeLlama-3.0-8B-Instruct, Llama-3.1-8B/70B-InstructPaper-
μCodeOutcomeLlama-3.2-1B/8B-InstructPaperCode
R1-Code-InterpreterOutcomeQwen2.5-7B/14B-Instruct-1M, Qwen2.5-3B-InstructPaperCode
IterPrefProcessDeepseek-Coder-7B-Instruct, Qwen2.5-Coder-7B, StarCoder2-15BPaper-
LeDexProcessStarCoder-15B, CodeLlama-7B/13BPaper-
CTRLProcessQwen2.5-Coder-7B/14B/32B-InstructPaperCode
ReVealProcessDAPO-Qwen-32B, Qwen2.5-32B-Instruc(not-working)Paper-
Posterior-GRPOProcessQwen2.5-Coder-3B/7B-Base, Qwen2.5-Math-7BPaper-
Policy Filtration for RLHFProcessDeepSeek-Coder-6.7B, Qwen1.5-7BPaperCode
RL for Automated Software Engineering (SWE)
DeepSWEOutcomeQwen3-32BBlogCode
SWE-RLOutcomeLlama-3.3-70B-InstructPaperCode
Satori-SWEOutcomeQwen-2.5-Math-7BPaperCode
RLCoderOutcomeCodeLlama7B, StartCoder-7B, StarCoder2-7B, DeepSeekCoder-1B/7BPaperCode
Qwen3-CoderOutcome-PaperCode
ML-AgentOutcomeQwen2.5-7B-Base/Instruct, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7BPaperCode
DeepAnalyzeOutcomeDeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen3-8BPaperCode
Golubev et al.ProcessQwen2.5-72B-InstructPaper-
SWEET-RLProcessLlama-3.1-8B/70B-InstructPaperCode

Sec4.3 Task: Mathematical Agent

MethodRewardLinkResource
RL for Informal Mathematical Reasoning
ARTISTOutcomePaper-
ToRLOutcomePaperCode Model
ZeroTIROutcomePaperCode Model
TTRLOutcomePaperCode
RENTOutcomePaperCode Website
SatoriOutcomePaperCode Model Website
1-shot RLVROutcomePaperCode Model
Prover-Verifier Games (legibility)OutcomePaper-
rStar2-AgentOutcomePaperCode
Tool-StarOutcomePaperCode
Parallel-R1OutcomePaperCode
STARTProcessPaper-
LADDERProcessPaper-
SWiRLProcessPaper-
RLoTProcessPaperCode
AutoTIRProcessPaperCode
SCRIBEProcessPaper-
RL for Formal Mathematical Reasoning
DeepSeek-Prover-v1.5OutcomePaperCode Model
Leanabell-ProverOutcomePaperCode Model
Kimina-Prover (Preview)OutcomePaperCode Model
Seed-ProverOutcomePaperCode
DeepSeek-Prover-v2ProcessPaperCode Model
ProofNet++ProcessPaper-
Leanabell-Prover-v2ProcessPaperCode
Hybrid
InternLM2.5-StepProverHybridPaperCode
Lean-STaRHybridPaperCode Model Website
STPHybridPaperCode Model

Sec4.4 Task: GUI Agent

MethodParadigmEnvironmentLinkResource
Non-RL GUI Agents
MM-NavigatorVanilla VLM-PaperCode
SeeActVanilla VLM-PaperCode
TRISHULVanilla VLM-Paper-
InfiGUIAgentSFT-PaperCode Model Website
UI-AGILESFT-PaperCode Model
TongUISFT-PaperCode Model Website
RL-based GUI Agents
GUI-R1RLStaticPaperCode Model
UI-R1RLStaticPaperCode Model
InFiGUI-R1RLStaticPaperCode Model
AgentCPMRLStaticPaperCode Model
WebAgent-R1RLInteractivePaper-
Vattikonda et al.RLInteractivePaper-
UI-TARSRLInteractivePaperCode Model Website
DiGiRLRLInteractivePaperCode Model Website
ZeroGUIRLInteractivePaperCode
MobileGUI-RLRLInteractivePaper-

Sec4.5 Task: RL in Vision Agents

TO BE ADDED


Sec4.6 Task: RL in Embodied Agents

TO BE ADDED


Sec4.7 Task: RL in Multi-Agent Systems

“Dynamic” denotes whether the multi-agent system is task-dynamic, i.e., processes different task queries with different configurations (agent count, topologies, reasoning depth, prompts, etc).
“Train” denotes whether the method involves training the LLM backbone of agents.

MethodDynamicTrainRL AlgorithmLinkResource
RL-Free Multi-Agent Systems (not exhaustive)
CAMEL-PaperCode Model
MetaGPT-PaperCode
MAD-PaperCode
MoA-PaperCode
AFlow-PaperCode
RL-Based Multi-Agent Training
GPTSwarmpolicy gradientPaperCode Website
MaASpolicy gradientPaperCode
G-Designerpolicy gradientPaperCode
MALTDPOPaper-
MARFTMARFTPaperCode
MAPoRLPPOPaperCode
MLPOMLPOPaper-
ReMAMAMRPPaperCode
FlowReasonerGRPOPaperCode
LEROMLPOPaper-
C3PPO / MAPPO / MAGRPOPaperCode Website
CURErule-based RLPaperCode Model
MMedAgent-RLGRPOPaper-
OWLDPOPaperCode

Sec4.8. Task: Other Tasks

TO BE ADDED

Sec5.1 Environments

The agent capabilities are denoted by:
① Reasoning, ② Planning, ③ Tool Use, ④ Memory, ⑤ Collaboration, ⑥ Self-Improve.

Environment / BenchmarkAgent CapabilityTask DomainModalityLinkResource
LMRL-Gym①, ④InteractionTextPaperCode
ALFWorld②, ①Embodied, Text GamesTextPaperCode Website
TextWorld②, ①Text GamesTextPaperCode
ScienceWorld①, ②Embodied, ScienceTextPaperCode Website
AgentGym①, ④Text GamesTextPaperCode Website
AgentbenchGeneralText, VisualPaperCode
InternBootcampGeneral, Coding, LogicTextPaperCode
LoCoMoInteractionTextPaperCode Website
MemoryAgentBenchInteractionTextPaperCode
WebShop②, ③WebTextPaperCode Website
Mind2Web②, ③WebText, VisualPaperCode Website
WebArena②, ③WebTextPaperCode Website
ClawBench②, ③WebText, VisualPaperCode Website HF Dataset
VisualwebArena①, ②, ③WebText, VisualPaperCode Website
AppWorld②, ③AppTextPaperCode Website
AndroidWorld②, ③GUI, AppText, VisualPaperCode
OSWorld②, ③GUI, OSText, VisualPaperCode Website
Debug-Gym①, ③SWETextPaperCode Website
MLE-Dojo②, ①MLETextPaperCode Website
τ-bench①, ③SWETextPaperCode
TheAgentCompany②, ③, ⑤SWETextPaperCode Website
MedAgentGymScienceTextPaperCode
SecRepoBench①, ③Coding, SecurityTextPaper-
R2E-Gym①, ②SWETextPaperCode Website
HumanEvalCodingTextPaperCode
MBPPCodingTextPaperCode
BigCodeBenchCodingTextPaperCode Website
LiveCodeBenchCodingTextPaperCode Website
SWE-bench①, ③SWETextPaperCode Website
SWE-rebench①, ③SWETextPaperWebsite
DevBench②, ①SWETextPaperCode
ProjectEval②, ①SWETextPaperCode Website
DA-Code①, ③Data Science, SWETextPaperCode Website
ColBench②, ①, ③SWE, Web DevTextPaperCode Website
NoCode-bench②, ①SWETextPaperCode Website
MLE-Bench②, ①, ③MLETextPaperCode Website
PaperBench②, ①, ③MLETextPaperCode Website
Crafter②, ④GameVisualPaperCode Website
Craftax②, ④GameVisualPaperCode
ELLM (Crafter variant)②, ①GameVisualPaperCode Website
SMAC / SMAC-Exp⑤, ②GameVisualPaperCode
Factorio②, ①GameVisualPaperCode Website

Sec5.2 Frameworks

FrameworkTypeKey FeaturesLinkResource
Agentic RL Frameworks
VerifiersAgent RL / LLM RLVerifiable environment setup-Code
SkyRL-v0/v0.1Agent RLLong-horizon real-world trainingBlog (v0) Blog (v0.1)Code
AREALAgent RL / LLM RLAsynchronous trainingPaperCode
MARTIMulti-agent RL / LLM RLIntegrated multi-agent training-Code
EasyR1Agent RL / LLM RLMultimodal support-Code
AgentFlyAgent RLScalable asynchronous executionPaperCode
Agent LightningAgent RLDecoupled hierarchical RLPaperCode
RLHF and LLM Fine-tuning Frameworks
OpenRLHFRLHF / LLM RLHigh-performance scalable RLHFPaperCode
TRLRLHF / LLM RLHugging Face RLHF-Code
trlXRLHF / LLM RLDistributed large-model RLHFPaperCode
HybridFlowRLHF / LLM RLStreamlined experiment managementPaperCode
SLiMeRLHF / LLM RLHigh-performance async RL-Code
General-purpose RL Frameworks
RLlibGeneral RL / Multi-agent RLProduction-grade scalable libraryPaperCode
AcmeGeneral RLModular distributed componentsPaperCode
TianshouGeneral RLHigh-performance PyTorch platformPaperCode
Stable Baselines3General RLReliable PyTorch algorithmsPaperCode
PFRLGeneral RLBenchmarked prototyping algorithmsPaperCode

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