❤️ Lovely Tensors

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More lovely stuff

Working with numbers

• Numpy: ❤️ Lovely NumPy
• JAX: 💘 Lovely JAX
• TinyGrad: 🫀 Lovely Grad

Community

• Discord

Install

pip install lovely-tensors

or

mamba install lovely-tensors

or

conda install -c conda-forge lovely-tensors

How to use

How often do you find yourself debugging PyTorch code? You dump a tensor to the cell output, and see this:

numbers

tensor([[[-0.3541, -0.3369, -0.4054,  ..., -0.5596, -0.4739,  2.2489],
         [-0.4054, -0.4226, -0.4911,  ..., -0.9192, -0.8507,  2.1633],
         [-0.4739, -0.4739, -0.5424,  ..., -1.0390, -1.0390,  2.1975],
         ...,
         [-0.9020, -0.8335, -0.9363,  ..., -1.4672, -1.2959,  2.2318],
         [-0.8507, -0.7822, -0.9363,  ..., -1.6042, -1.5014,  2.1804],
         [-0.8335, -0.8164, -0.9705,  ..., -1.6555, -1.5528,  2.1119]],

        [[-0.1975, -0.1975, -0.3025,  ..., -0.4776, -0.3725,  2.4111],
         [-0.2500, -0.2325, -0.3375,  ..., -0.7052, -0.6702,  2.3585],
         [-0.3025, -0.2850, -0.3901,  ..., -0.7402, -0.8102,  2.3761],
         ...,
         [-0.4251, -0.2325, -0.3725,  ..., -1.0903, -1.0203,  2.4286],
         [-0.3901, -0.2325, -0.4251,  ..., -1.2304, -1.2304,  2.4111],
         [-0.4076, -0.2850, -0.4776,  ..., -1.2829, -1.2829,  2.3410]],

        [[-0.6715, -0.9853, -0.8807,  ..., -0.9678, -0.6890,  2.3960],
         [-0.7238, -1.0724, -0.9678,  ..., -1.2467, -1.0201,  2.3263],
         [-0.8284, -1.1247, -1.0201,  ..., -1.2641, -1.1596,  2.3786],
         ...,
         [-1.2293, -1.4733, -1.3861,  ..., -1.5081, -1.2641,  2.5180],
         [-1.1944, -1.4559, -1.4210,  ..., -1.6476, -1.4733,  2.4308],
         [-1.2293, -1.5256, -1.5081,  ..., -1.6824, -1.5256,  2.3611]]])

Was it really useful for you, as a human, to see all these numbers?

What is the shape? The size?
What are the statistics?
Are any of the values nan or inf?
Is it an image of a man holding a tench?

import lovely_tensors as lt

lt.monkey_patch()

Summary

numbers # torch.Tensor

tensor[3, 196, 196] n=115248 (0.4 MiB) x∈[-2.118 |▂▅█▇▂▁▁▂▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.388 σ=1.073

numbers.rgb

numbers.plt

Better, huh?

numbers[1,:6,1] # Still shows values if there are not too many.

tensor[6] x∈[-0.443, -0.197] μ=-0.311 σ=0.091 [-0.197, -0.232, -0.285, -0.373, -0.443, -0.338]

spicy = numbers[0,:12,0].clone()

spicy[0] *= 10000
spicy[1] /= 10000
spicy[2] = float('inf')
spicy[3] = float('-inf')
spicy[4] = float('nan')

spicy = spicy.reshape((2,6))
spicy # Spicy stuff

tensor[2, 6] n=12 x∈[-3.541e+03, -4.054e-05] μ=-393.842 σ=1.180e+03 +Inf! -Inf! NaN!

torch.zeros(10, 10) # A zero tensor - make it obvious

tensor[10, 10] n=100 all_zeros

spicy.v # Verbose

tensor[2, 6] n=12 x∈[-3.541e+03, -4.054e-05] μ=-393.842 σ=1.180e+03 +Inf! -Inf! NaN!
tensor([[-3.5405e+03, -4.0543e-05,         inf,        -inf,         nan, -6.1093e-01],
        [-6.1093e-01, -5.9380e-01, -5.9380e-01, -5.4243e-01, -5.4243e-01, -5.4243e-01]])

spicy.p # The plain old way

tensor([[-3.5405e+03, -4.0543e-05,         inf,        -inf,         nan, -6.1093e-01],
        [-6.1093e-01, -5.9380e-01, -5.9380e-01, -5.4243e-01, -5.4243e-01, -5.4243e-01]])

Gradient

torch.manual_seed(1)


# with config(color=False):
grad = torch.randn((10, 10), requires_grad=True, dtype=torch.float64)
grad_plus_one = grad+1

print(f"Before .backward:\n{grad}\n")

# We can't access .grad of non-leaf tensors, unless
print(f"Before .backward, non-leaf node:\n{grad_plus_one}\n")

grad_plus_one.prod().backward()

grad.grad[0,0] = float("-inf")

print(f"After .backward():\n{grad}\n")

grad.grad.zero_()

print(f"After .zero_() on .grad:\n{grad}")

Before .backward:
tensor[10, 10] f64 n=100 x∈[-3.705 |▁ ▂▂▇█▇█▃▂| 2.537] μ=0.105 σ=1.066 grad=None

Before .backward, non-leaf node:
tensor[10, 10] f64 n=100 x∈[-2.705 |▁ ▂▂▇█▇█▃▂| 3.537] μ=1.105 σ=1.066 grad (non-leaf) AddBackward0

After .backward():
tensor[10, 10] f64 n=100 x∈[-3.705 |▁ ▂▂▇█▇█▃▂| 2.537] μ=0.105 σ=1.066 grad={ x∈[-1.351e-05 |▁▁▁▁  ▁█▁▁| 4.236e-06] μ=-1.145e-07 σ=2.284e-06 -Inf! }

After .zero_() on .grad:
tensor[10, 10] f64 n=100 x∈[-3.705 |▁ ▂▂▇█▇█▃▂| 2.537] μ=0.105 σ=1.066 grad={ all_zeros }

Named dimensions

named_numbers = numbers.rename("C", "H","W")
named_numbers

/home/xl0/miniforge3/envs/torch/lib/python3.13/site-packages/torch/_tensor.py:1630: UserWarning: Named tensors and all their associated APIs are an experimental feature and subject to change. Please do not use them for anything important until they are released as stable. (Triggered internally at /pytorch/c10/core/TensorImpl.h:1971.)
  return super().rename(names)

tensor[C=3, H=196, W=196] n=115248 (0.4 MiB) x∈[-2.118 |▂▅█▇▂▁▁▂▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.388 σ=1.073

Going .deeper

numbers.deeper

tensor[3, 196, 196] n=115248 (0.4 MiB) x∈[-2.118 |▂▅█▇▂▁▁▂▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.388 σ=1.073
  tensor[196, 196] n=38416 x∈[-2.118 |▂▃▅█▂▁▁▂▃▂| 2.249] μ=-0.324 σ=1.036
  tensor[196, 196] n=38416 x∈[-1.966 |▂▃▅█▁▁▁▁▂▁| 2.429] μ=-0.274 σ=0.973
  tensor[196, 196] n=38416 x∈[-1.804 |▃█▂▁▁▁▁▁▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.567 σ=1.178

# You can go deeper if you need to
# And we can use `.deeper` with named dimensions.

named_numbers.deeper(2)

tensor[C=3, H=196, W=196] n=115248 (0.4 MiB) x∈[-2.118 |▂▅█▇▂▁▁▂▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.388 σ=1.073
  tensor[H=196, W=196] n=38416 x∈[-2.118 |▂▃▅█▂▁▁▂▃▂| 2.249] μ=-0.324 σ=1.036
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.912 |▃▁▂█▃    ▁| 2.249] μ=-0.673 σ=0.522
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.861 |▂▂██▁    ▁| 2.163] μ=-0.738 σ=0.418
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.758 |▂▂█▂▁    ▁| 2.198] μ=-0.806 σ=0.397
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.656 |▂▆█▁▁    ▁| 2.249] μ=-0.849 σ=0.369
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.673 |▁▆█▁▁▁   ▁| 2.198] μ=-0.857 σ=0.357
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.656 |▂██▂▁▁   ▁| 2.146] μ=-0.848 σ=0.372
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.433 |▃█▅▁▁▁▁  ▁| 2.215] μ=-0.784 σ=0.397
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.279 |▆█▄▁▁▁▁▁ ▁| 2.249] μ=-0.695 σ=0.486
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.364 |▆██▂▁▁▁▁▁▁| 2.249] μ=-0.637 σ=0.539
    ...
  tensor[H=196, W=196] n=38416 x∈[-1.966 |▂▃▅█▁▁▁▁▂▁| 2.429] μ=-0.274 σ=0.973
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.861 |▂▁▁█▁    ▁| 2.411] μ=-0.529 σ=0.556
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.826 |▁▁▁█     ▁| 2.359] μ=-0.562 σ=0.473
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.756 |▂▁▃█▁    ▁| 2.376] μ=-0.622 σ=0.458
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.633 |▂▂█▄     ▁| 2.429] μ=-0.664 σ=0.430
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.651 |▂▂█▄     ▁| 2.376] μ=-0.669 σ=0.399
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.633 |▂▃█▃▁    ▁| 2.376] μ=-0.701 σ=0.391
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.563 |▂▃█▂▁    ▁| 2.429] μ=-0.670 σ=0.380
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.475 |▂▄█▁▁    ▁| 2.429] μ=-0.616 σ=0.386
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.511 |▁▄█▁▁▁   ▁| 2.429] μ=-0.593 σ=0.399
    ...
  tensor[H=196, W=196] n=38416 x∈[-1.804 |▃█▂▁▁▁▁▁▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.567 σ=1.178
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.717 |▃█▆      ▁| 2.396] μ=-0.982 σ=0.350
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.752 |▂█▄      ▁| 2.326] μ=-1.034 σ=0.314
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.648 |▂█▁▁     ▁| 2.379] μ=-1.086 σ=0.314
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.630 |▃█▁      ▁| 2.466] μ=-1.121 σ=0.305
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.717 |▂█▁      ▁| 2.448] μ=-1.120 σ=0.302
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.717 |▃█▁▁     ▁| 2.431] μ=-1.166 σ=0.314
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.560 |█▆▁▁     ▁| 2.448] μ=-1.124 σ=0.326
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.421 |█▂▁▁ ▁   ▁| 2.431] μ=-1.064 σ=0.383
    tensor[W=196] x∈[-1.526 |██▁▁▁ ▁  ▁| 2.396] μ=-1.047 σ=0.417
    ...

Now in .rgb color

The important queston - is it our man?

numbers.rgb

Maaaaybe? Looks like someone normalized him.

in_stats = ( (0.485, 0.456, 0.406),     # mean
             (0.229, 0.224, 0.225) )    # std

# numbers.rgb(in_stats, cl=True) # For channel-last input format
numbers.rgb(in_stats)

# numbers.rgb(denorm="imagenet") # same as above
# numbers.rgb(denorm="symmetric") # [-1 .. 1] input
# numbers.rgb(denorm="minmax") # Use the min/max elements in each channel to scale the input to [0..1]

It’s indeed our hero, the Tenchman!

.plt the statistics

(numbers+3).plt(center="mean", max_s=1000)

(numbers).plt

(numbers+3).plt(center="range")

See the .chans

# .chans will map values betwen [-1,1] to colors.
# Make our values fit into that range to avoid clipping.
mean = torch.tensor(in_stats[0])[:,None,None]
std = torch.tensor(in_stats[1])[:,None,None]
numbers_01 = (numbers*std + mean)
numbers_01

tensor[3, 196, 196] n=115248 (0.4 MiB) x∈[0. |▃▇▆█▂▁▁▂▃▂| 1.000] μ=0.361 σ=0.248

numbers_01.chans

Let’s try with a Convolutional Neural Network

from torchvision.models import vgg11

features: torch.nn.Sequential = vgg11().features

# I saved the first 5 layers in "features.pt"
_ = features.load_state_dict(torch.load("../features.pt", weights_only=True), strict=False)

# Activatons of the second max pool layer of VGG11
acts = (features[:6](numbers[None])[0]/2) # /2 to reduce clipping
acts

tensor[128, 49, 49] n=307328 (1.2 MiB) x∈[0. |█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ | 12.508] μ=0.367 σ=0.634 grad (non-leaf) DivBackward0

acts[:4].chans(cmap="coolwarm", scale=4)

Grouping

# Make 8 images with progressively higher brightness and stack them 2x2x2.
eight_images = (torch.stack([numbers]*8)
                    .add(torch.linspace(-3, 3, 8)[:,None,None,None])
                    .mul(torch.tensor(in_stats[1])[:,None,None])
                    .add(torch.tensor(in_stats[0])[:,None,None])
                    .clamp(0,1)
                    .view(2,2,2,3,196,196)
)
eight_images

tensor[2, 2, 2, 3, 196, 196] n=921984 (3.5 MiB) x∈[0. |█▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▄| 1.000] μ=0.411 σ=0.369

eight_images.rgb

# Weights of the second conv layer of VGG11
features[3].weight

Parameter[128, 64, 3, 3] n=73728 (0.3 MiB) x∈[-0.783 |  ▁▁██▁▁▁▁| 0.776] μ=-0.004 σ=0.065 grad=None

I want +/- 2σ to fall in the range [-1..1]

weights = features[3].weight.data
weights = weights / (2*2*weights.std()) # *2 because we want 2σ on both sides, so 4σ
# weights += weights.std() * 2
weights.plt

# Weights of the second conv layer (64ch -> 128ch) of VGG11,
# grouped per output channel.
weights.chans(frame_px=1, gutter_px=0)

It’s a bit hard to see. Scale up 10x, but onyl show the first 4 filters.

weights[:4].chans(frame_px=1, gutter_px=0, scale=10)

Options | Docs

from lovely_tensors import set_config, config, lovely, get_config

set_config(precision=1, sci_mode=True, color=False)
torch.tensor([1, 2, torch.nan])

tensor[3] μ=1.5e+00 σ=7.1e-01 NaN! [1.0e+00, 2.0e+00, nan]

set_config(precision=None, sci_mode=None, color=None) # None -> Reset to defaults

print(torch.tensor([1., 2]))
# Or with config context manager.
with config(sci_mode=True, precision=5):
    print(torch.tensor([1., 2]))

print(torch.tensor([1., 2]))

tensor[2] μ=1.500 σ=0.707 [1.000, 2.000]
tensor[2] μ=1.50000e+00 σ=7.07107e-01 [1.00000e+00, 2.00000e+00]
tensor[2] μ=1.500 σ=0.707 [1.000, 2.000]

Without .monkey_patch

lt.lovely(spicy)

tensor[2, 6] n=12 x∈[-3.541e+03, -4.054e-05] μ=-393.842 σ=1.180e+03 +Inf! -Inf! NaN!

lt.lovely(spicy, verbose=True)

tensor[2, 6] n=12 x∈[-3.541e+03, -4.054e-05] μ=-393.842 σ=1.180e+03 +Inf! -Inf! NaN!
tensor([[-3.5405e+03, -4.0543e-05,         inf,        -inf,         nan, -6.1093e-01],
        [-6.1093e-01, -5.9380e-01, -5.9380e-01, -5.4243e-01, -5.4243e-01, -5.4243e-01]])

lt.lovely(numbers, depth=1)

tensor[3, 196, 196] n=115248 (0.4 MiB) x∈[-2.118 |▂▅█▇▂▁▁▂▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.388 σ=1.073
  tensor[196, 196] n=38416 x∈[-2.118 |▂▃▅█▂▁▁▂▃▂| 2.249] μ=-0.324 σ=1.036
  tensor[196, 196] n=38416 x∈[-1.966 |▂▃▅█▁▁▁▁▂▁| 2.429] μ=-0.274 σ=0.973
  tensor[196, 196] n=38416 x∈[-1.804 |▃█▂▁▁▁▁▁▂▁| 2.640] μ=-0.567 σ=1.178

lt.rgb(numbers, in_stats)

lt.plot(numbers, center="mean")

lt.chans(numbers_01)

Matplotlib integration | Docs

numbers.rgb(in_stats).fig # matplotlib figure

(numbers*0.3+0.5).chans.fig # matplotlib figure

numbers.plt.fig.savefig('pretty.svg') # Save it

!file pretty.svg; rm pretty.svg

pretty.svg: SVG Scalable Vector Graphics image

Add content to existing Axes

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,3))
fig.set_constrained_layout(True)
gs = fig.add_gridspec(2,2)
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, :])
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, 0])
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1,1:])

ax2.set_axis_off()
ax3.set_axis_off()

numbers_01.plt(ax=ax1)
numbers_01.rgb(ax=ax2)
numbers_01.chans(ax=ax3);

torch.compile()

Just works.

def func(x):
    return x*2

if torch.__version__ >= "2.0":
    func = torch.compile(func)

func(torch.tensor([1,2,3]))

tensor[3] i64 x∈[2, 6] μ=4.000 σ=2.000 [2, 4, 6]

Import hook

Lovely tensors installes an import hook. Set LOVELY_TENSORS=1, and it will load automatically, no need to modify the code: > Note: You can now set it globally. The installed import hook will triggger only when torch is imported.

import torch

x = torch.randn(4, 16)
print(x)

LOVELY_TENSORS=1 python test.py

x: tensor[4, 16] n=64 x∈[-1.652, 1.813] μ=-0.069 σ=0.844

This is especially useful in combination with Better Exceptions:

import torch

x = torch.randn(4, 16)
print(f"x: {x}")

w = torch.randn(15, 8) 
y = torch.matmul(x, w) # Dimension mismatch

BETTER_EXCEPTIONS=1  LOVELY_TENSORS=1 python test.py 

x: tensor[4, 16] n=64 x∈[-1.834, 2.421] μ=0.103 σ=0.896
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/xl0/work/projects/lovely-tensors/test.py", line 7, in <module>
    y = torch.matmul(x, w)
        │            │  └ tensor[15, 8] n=120 x∈[-2.355, 2.165] μ=0.142 σ=0.989
        │            └ tensor[4, 16] n=64 x∈[-1.834, 2.421] μ=0.103 σ=0.896
        └ <module 'torch' from '/home/xl0/mambaforge/envs/torch25-py312/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/__init__.py'>
RuntimeError: mat1 and mat2 shapes cannot be multiplied (4x16 and 15x8)