AI Agents for Computer Use: A Review of Instruction-based Computer Control, GUI Automation, and Operator Assistants (Jan. 2025)

• Comprehensive review establishing taxonomy of computer control agents (CCAs) from environment, interaction, and agent perspectives, analyzing 86 CCAs and 33 datasets

GUI Agents: A Survey (Dec. 2024)

• General survey of GUI agents

Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey (Nov. 2024)

• Focus on LLM-based approaches
• Website

GUI Agents with Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Survey (Nov. 2024)

• Comprehensive overview of foundation model-based GUI agents

Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Interactive LLM Agents (Feb. 2025)

• Novel RL approach (LOOP) for training IDAs directly in target environments
• 32B parameter agent outperforms OpenAI o1 by 9 percentage points on AppWorld

Large Action Models: From Inception to Implementation (Dec. 2024)

• Comprehensive framework for developing LAMs that can perform real-world actions beyond language generation
• Details key stages including data collection, model training, environment integration, grounding and evaluation

Guiding VLM Agents with Process Rewards at Inference Time for GUI Navigation (Dec. 2024)

• Novel reward-guided navigation approach

SpiritSight Agent: Advanced GUI Agent with One Look (Dec. 2024)

• Single-shot GUI interaction approach

AutoGUI: Scaling GUI Grounding with Automatic Functionality Annotations from LLMs (Dec. 2024)

• Novel approach for automatic GUI functionality annotation

Simulate Before Act: Model-Based Planning for Web Agents (Dec. 2024)

• Novel model-based planning approach using LLM world models

Proposer-Agent-Evaluator (PAE): Autonomous Skill Discovery For Foundation Model Internet Agents (Dec. 2024)

• Novel autonomous skill discovery framework for web agents
• Code

Learning to Contextualize Web Pages for Enhanced Decision Making by LLM Agents (Dec. 2024)

• Novel framework for contextualizing web pages to enhance LLM agent decision making

Digi-Q: Transforming VLMs to Device-Control Agents via Value-Based Offline RL (Dec. 2024)

• Novel value-based offline RL approach for training VLM device-control agents

Magentic-One (Nov. 2024)

• Multi-agent system with orchestrator-led coordination
• Strong performance on GAIA, WebArena, and AssistantBench

Agent Workflow Memory (Sep. 2024)

• Novel workflow memory framework for agents
• Code

The Impact of Element Ordering on LM Agent Performance (Sep. 2024)

• Novel study on element ordering's impact on agent performance
• Code

Agent Q: Advanced Reasoning and Learning for Autonomous AI Agents (Aug. 2024)

• Novel reasoning and learning framework
• Website

OpenWebAgent: An Open Toolkit to Enable Web Agents on Large Language Models (Aug. 2024)

• Open platform for web-based agent deployment
• Code

Agent-e: From autonomous web navigation to foundational design principles in agentic systems (Jul. 2024)

• Hierarchical architecture with flexible DOM distillation
• Novel denoising method for web navigation

Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models (Jul. 2024)

• Vision-Language Model with Private Cloud Compute
• Novel foundation model architecture

Tree search for language model agents (Jul. 2024)

• Multi-step reasoning and planning with best-first tree search
• Novel approach for LLM-based agents

DigiRL: Training In-The-Wild Device-Control Agents with Autonomous Reinforcement Learning (Jun. 2024)

• Novel reinforcement learning approach
• Code

Mobile-Agent-v2: Mobile Device Operation Assistant with Effective Navigation via Multi-Agent Collaboration (Jun. 2024)

• Multi-agent collaboration for mobile device operation
• Code

Octopus Series: On-device Language Models for Computer Control (Apr. 2024)

• v4: Graph of language models with functional tokens integration (Apr. 2024)
• v3: Sub-billion parameter multimodal model for edge devices (Apr. 2024)
• v2: Super agent for Android and iOS (Apr. 2024)
• v1: Function calling of software APIs (Apr. 2024)
• Website
• Code

AutoWebGLM: Bootstrap and reinforce a large language model-based web navigating agent (Apr. 2024)

• Novel approach for real-world web navigation and bilingual benchmark
• Code

Cradle: Empowering Foundation Agents towards General Computer Control (Mar. 2024)

• Focus on general computer control using Red Dead Redemption II as a case study
• Code

Android in the Zoo: Chain-of-Action-Thought for GUI Agents (Mar. 2024)

• Novel Chain-of-Action-Thought framework for Android interaction
• Code

ScreenAgent: A Computer Control Agent Driven by Visual Language Large Model (Feb. 2024)

• Vision-language model for computer control
• Code

OS-Copilot: Towards Generalist Computer Agents with Self-Improvement (Feb. 2024)

• Vision-Language Model for PC interaction
• Code

UFO: A UI-Focused Agent for Windows OS Interaction (Feb. 2024)

• Specialized for Windows OS interaction
• Code

CoCo-Agent: A Comprehensive Cognitive MLLM Agent for Smartphone GUI Automation (Feb. 2024)

• Novel comprehensive environment perception (CEP) approach for exhaustive GUI perception
• Introduces conditional action prediction (CAP) for reliable action response

Intention-inInteraction (IN3): Tell Me More! (Feb. 2024)

• Novel benchmark for evaluating user intention understanding in agent designs
• Introduces model experts for robust user-agent interaction

Dual-view visual contextualization for web navigation (Feb. 2024)

• Novel approach for automatic web navigation with language instructions
• Key: HTML elements, visual contextualization

ScreenAI: A Vision-Language Model for UI and Infographics Understanding (Feb. 2024)

• Specialized for mobile UI and infographics understanding
• Novel approach for visual interface comprehension

GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded (Jan. 2024)

• Demonstrates GPT-4V capabilities for web interaction
• Code

Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perception (Jan. 2024)

• Visual perception for mobile device interaction
• Code

WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Models (Jan. 2024)

• End-to-end approach for web interaction
• Code

CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents (Dec. 2023)

• Works across PC and Android platforms
• Code

AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users (Dec. 2023)

• Focused on smartphone interaction
• Code

LASER: LLM Agent with State-Space Exploration for Web Navigation (Sep. 2023)

• Novel approach to web navigation
• Code

AndroidEnv: A Reinforcement Learning Platform for Android (May 2021)

• Reinforcement learning platform for Android interaction
• Code

OmniParser for Pure Vision Based GUI Agent (Aug. 2024)

• Novel vision-based screen parsing method for UI screenshots
• Combines finetuned interactable icon detection and functional description models
• Code

Ferret-UI: Grounded Mobile UI Understanding with Multimodal LLMs (Apr. 2024)

• Mobile UI understanding
• Code

SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents (Jan. 2024)

• Advanced visual grounding techniques
• Code

Ferret-UI 2: Mastering Universal User Interface Understanding Across Platforms (Oct. 2024)

• Multimodal LLM for universal UI understanding across diverse platforms
• Introduces adaptive gridding for high-resolution perception
• Preprint

Navigating the Digital World as Humans Do: Universal Visual Grounding for GUI Agents (Oct. 2024)

• Universal approach to GUI interaction
• Code

OS-ATLAS: Foundation Action Model for Generalist GUI Agents (Oct. 2024)

• Comprehensive action modeling
• Code

UI-Pro: A Hidden Recipe for Building Vision-Language Models for GUI Grounding (Dec. 2024)

• Novel framework for building VLMs with strong UI element grounding capabilities

Grounding Multimodal Large Language Model in GUI World (Dec. 2024)

• Novel GUI grounding framework with automated data collection engine and lightweight grounding module

Explorer: Scaling Exploration-driven Web Trajectory Synthesis for Multimodal Web Agents (Feb. 2025)

• Scalable multi-agent pipeline that leverages exploration for diverse web agent trajectory synthesis.

OS-Genesis: Automating GUI Agent Trajectory Construction via Reverse Task Synthesis (Dec. 2024)

• Novel interaction-driven approach for automated GUI trajectory synthesis
• Introduces reverse task synthesis and trajectory reward model
• Code

AgentTrek: Agent Trajectory Synthesis via Guiding Replay with Web Tutorials (Dec. 2024)

• Web tutorial-based trajectory synthesis

ICAL: Continual Learning of Multimodal Agents by Transforming Trajectories into Actionable Insights (Jun. 2024)

• Novel approach to continual learning from trajectories

Synatra: Turning Indirect Knowledge into Direct Demonstrations for Digital Agents at Scale (Sep. 2024)

• Scalable demonstration generation

UiPad: UI Parsing and Accessibility Dataset (Sep. 2024)

• MacOS desktop UI dataset with accessibility trees and evaluation questions

Multi-Turn Mind2Web: On the Multi-turn Instruction Following (Feb. 2024)

• Multi-turn instruction dataset for web agents
• Code

CToolEval: A Chinese Benchmark for LLM-Powered Agent Evaluation (Aug. 2024)

• Chinese benchmark for agent evaluation
• Code

AssistantBench: Can Web Agents Solve Realistic and Time-Consuming Tasks (Jul. 2024)

• Benchmark for realistic and time-consuming web tasks
• Code

Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web (Jun. 2023)

• Large-scale web interaction dataset
• Code

Android in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset for Android Device Control (Jul. 2023)

• Large-scale dataset for Android interaction
• Real-world device control scenarios

WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction (Jul. 2022)

• Dataset for grounded language agents in web interaction
• Code

Rico: A Mobile App Dataset for Building Data-Driven Design Applications (Oct. 2017)

• Mobile app UI dataset
• Design-focused data collection

A3: Android Agent Arena for Mobile GUI Agents (Jan. 2025)

• Novel evaluation platform with 201 tasks across 21 widely used third-party apps
• Website
• Code

OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments (Apr. 2024)

• Comprehensive evaluation framework
• Code

AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agents (May. 2024)

• Android-focused evaluation
• Code

Spider2-V: How Far Are Multimodal Agents From Automating Data Science and Engineering Workflows? (Jul. 2024)

• Evaluation in data science workflows
• Code

AppWorld: A Controllable World of Apps and People for Benchmarking Interactive Coding Agents (Jul. 2024)

• Comprehensive benchmark with 750 natural tasks across 9 day-to-day apps and 457 APIs
• GPT-4o achieves only ~49% on normal tasks and ~30% on challenge tasks
• Code

τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domains (Jun. 2024)

• Novel benchmark for evaluating agent-user interaction and policy compliance
• State-of-the-art agents achieve <50% success rate and <25% consistency (pass^8)
• Code

MobileAgentBench: An Efficient and User-Friendly Benchmark for Mobile LLM Agents (Jun. 2024)

• Mobile agent evaluation
• Code

VisualWebArena: Evaluating Multimodal Agents on Realistic Visual Web Tasks (Jan. 2024)

• Web-focused evaluation
• Code

Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating Multi-Modal OS Agents at Scale (Sep. 2024)

• Windows OS-focused evaluation framework
• Code
• Website

Mobile-Env: Building Qualified Evaluation Benchmarks for LLM-GUI Interaction (May. 2023)

• Mobile-focused evaluation framework
• Code

Attacking Vision-Language Computer Agents via Pop-ups (Nov. 2024)

• Security analysis of computer agents
• Code

EIA: Environmental Injection Attack on Generalist Web Agents for Privacy Leakage (Sep. 2024)

• Privacy and security analysis

GuardAgent: Safeguard LLM Agent by a Guard Agent via Knowledge-Enabled Reasoning (Jun. 2024)

• Safety mechanisms for agents

AutoGen

• Framework for building AI agent systems.
• It simplifies the creation of event-driven, distributed, scalable, and resilient agentic applications.

Auto-GPT

• Autonomous GPT-4 agent
• Task automation focus

Browser Use

• Make websites accessible for AI agents with vision + HTML extraction
• Supports multi-tab management and custom actions with LangChain integration

Claude Computer Use Demo

• MacOS implementation
• Claude integration

Claude Minecraft Use

• Game automation
• Specialized use case

Computer Use OOTB

• Ready-to-use implementation
• Comprehensive toolset

Cua

• Computer Use Interface & Agent

Cybergod

• Advanced computer control

Grunty

• Computer control agent
• Task automation focus

Inferable

• Distributed agent builder platform
• Build tools with existing code

LaVague

• AI web agent framework
• Modular architecture

Mac Computer Use

• MacOS-specific tools
• Anthropic integration

NatBot

• Browser automation
• GPT-4 Vision integration

Notte Browser Using Agent

• Full-stack web AI agents framework (agents, automations, cloud browser sessions)
• Notte turns websites into structured, navigable maps described in natural language

OpenAdapt

• AI-First Process Automation
• Multimodal model integration

OpenInterface

• Open-source UI interaction framework
• Cross-platform support

OpenInterpreter

• General-purpose computer control framework
• Python-based, extensible architecture

Open Source Computer Use by E2B

• Open-source implementation of computer control capabilities
• Secure sandboxed environment for AI agents

Self-Operating Computer (Nov. 2023)

• The first Computer Use framework created
• Computer control framework
• Vision-based automation

Skyvern

• AI web agent framework
• Automate browser-based workflows with LLMs using vision and HTML extraction

Surfkit

• Device operation toolkit
• Extensible agent framework

WebMarker

• Web page annotation tool
• Vision-language model support

Upsonic

• Reliable agent framework that support MCP
• Integrated Browser Use and Computer Use

AskUI/PTA-1

• A small vision language model for computer & phone automation, based on Florence-2.
• With only 270M parameters it outperforms much larger models in GUI text and element localization.

Microsoft/OmniParser

• A general screen parsing tool, which interprets/converts UI screenshot to structured format, to improve existing LLM based UI agent

Cua

• macOS/Linux Sandbox on Apple Silicon

dockur/windows

• Windows inside a Docker container

E2B Desktop Sandbox

• Secure desktop environment
• Agent testing platform

qemus/qemu-docker

• Docker container for running virtual machines using QEMU

nut.js

• Native UI automation
• JavaScript/TypeScript implementation

PyAutoGUI

• Cross-platform GUI automation
• Python-based control library

Anthropic Claude Computer Use

• Commercial computer control capability
• Integrated with Claude 3.5 models

Multion

• AI agents that can fully complete tasks in any web environment.

Runner H

• Advanced AI agent for real-world applications.
• Scores 67% on WebVoyager