Awesome Mobile LLMs 
A curated list of LLMs and related studies targeted at mobile and embedded hardware
Last update: 3rd September 2026
If your publication/work is not included - and you think it should - please open an issue or reach out directly to @stevelaskaridis.
Let's try to make this list as useful as possible to researchers, engineers and practitioners all around the world.
Contents
Mobile-First LLMs
The following Table shows sub-3B models designed for on-device deployments, sorted by year.
| Name | Year | Sizes | Primary Group/Affiliation | Publication | Code Repository | HF Repository |
|---|
| 2026 | | | | | | |
| MobileMoE | 2026 | 0.3B, 0.5B, 0.9B active (1.3B, 2.8B, 5.3B total) | Meta AI | paper | - | - |
| Gemma 4 | 2026 | E2B, E4B, 26B | Google DeepMind | website | code | huggingface |
| LFM2.5 | 2026 | 350M, 1.2B, 1.5B, 1.6B, 2.6B | Liquid AI | website, LFM2.5-2.6B blog | - | huggingface |
| MobileLLM-Flash | 2026 | 350M, 650M, 1.4B | Meta | paper | - | - |
| Apertus Mini | 2026 | 0.5B, 1.5B, 4B | Swiss AI (EPFL, ETH Zurich, CSCS) | paper | code | huggingface |
| Qwen-3.5 | 2026 | 0.8B, 2B, ... | Qwen Team | blog | code | huggingface |
| 2025 | | | | | | |
| LFM2 | 2025 | 350M, 700M, 1.2B, 2.6B, 8.3B (1.5B active) | Liquid AI | paper, website | - | huggingface |
| MobileLLM-R1.5 | 2025 | 140M, 360M, 950M | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| Nemotron-Flash | 2025 | 1B, 3B | Nvidia | paper, NeurIPS'25 | - | huggingface |
| MobileLLM-Pro | 2025 | 1B | Meta | paper | - | huggingface |
| MobileLLM-R1 | 2025 | 140M, 360M, 950M | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| SmolLM3 | 2025 | 3B | HuggingFace | blog | code | huggingface |
| Gemma 3 | 2025 | 1B, 4B, ... | Google DeepMind | paper | code | huggingface |
| Qwen-3 | 2025 | 0.6B, 1.7B, ... | Qwen Team | paper | code | huggingface |
| Pareto-Q | 2025 | 125M, 350M, 600M, 1B, 1.5B, 3B | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| 2024 | | | | | | |
| BlueLM-V | 2024 | 2.7B | CUHK, Vivo AI Lab | paper | code | - |
| PhoneLM | 2024 | 0.5B, 1.5B | BUPT | paper | code | huggingface |
| AMD-Llama-135m | 2024 | 135M | AMD | blog | code | huggingface |
| SmolLM2 | 2024 | 135M, 360M, 1.7B | Huggingface | - | code | huggingface |
| Ministral | 2024 | 3B, ... | Mistral | blog | - | huggingface |
| Llama 3.2 | 2024 | 1B, 3B | Meta | blog | code | huggingface |
| OLMoE | 2024 | 7B (1B active) | AllenAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| Spectra | 2024 | 99M - 3.9B | NolanoAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| Gemma 2 | 2024 | 2B, ... | Google | paper blog | code | huggingface |
| Apple Intelligence Foundation LMs | 2024 | 3B | Apple | paper | - | - |
| SmolLM | 2024 | 135M, 360M, 1.7B | Huggingface | blog | - | huggingface |
| Fox | 2024 | 1.6B | TensorOpera | blog | - | huggingface |
| Qwen2 | 2024 | 500M, 1.5B, ... | Qwen Team | paper | code | huggingface |
| OpenELM | 2024 | 270M, 450M, 1.08B, 3.04B | Apple | paper | code | huggingface |
| DCLM | 2024 | 400M, 1B, ... | Univerisy of Washington, Apple, Toyota Research Institute, ... | paper | code | huggingface |
| Phi-3 | 2024 | 3.8B | Microsoft | whitepaper | code | huggingface |
| BitNet-b1.58 | 2024 | 1.3B, 3B, ... | Microsoft | paper | code | huggingface |
| OLMo | 2024 | 1B, ... | AllenAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| Mobile LLMs | 2024 | 125M, 250M | Meta | paper, ICML'24 | code | - |
| Gemma | 2024 | 2B, ... | Google | paper, website | code, gemma.cpp | huggingface |
| MobiLlama | 2024 | 0.5B, 1B | MBZUAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| Stable LM 2 (Zephyr) | 2024 | 1.6B | Stability.ai | paper | - | huggingface |
| TinyLlama | 2024 | 1.1B | Singapore University of Technology and Design | paper | code | huggingface |
| Gemini-Nano | 2024 | 1.8B, 3.25B | Google | paper | - | - |
| 2023 | | | | | | |
| Stable LM (Zephyr) | 2023 | 3B | Stability | blog | code | huggingface |
| OpenLM | 2023 | 11M, 25M, 87M, 160M, 411M, 830M, 1B, 3B, ... | OpenLM team | - | code | huggingface |
| Phi-2 | 2023 | 2.7B | Microsoft | website | - | huggingface |
| Phi-1.5 | 2023 | 1.3B | Microsoft | paper | - | huggingface |
| Phi-1 | 2023 | 1.3B | Microsoft | paper | - | huggingface |
| RWKV | 2023 | 169M, 430M, 1.5B, 3B, ... | EleutherAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| Cerebras-GPT | 2023 | 111M, 256M, 590M, 1.3B, 2.7B ... | Cerebras | paper | code | huggingface |
| OPT | 2022 | 125M, 350M, 1.3B, 2.7B, ... | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| LaMini-LM | 2023 | 61M, 77M, 111M, 124M, 223M, 248M, 256M, 590M, 774M, 738M, 783M, 1.3B, 1.5B, ... | MBZUAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| Pythia | 2023 | 70M, 160M, 410M, 1B, 1.4B, 2.8B, ... | EleutherAI | paper | code | huggingface |
| 2022 | | | | | | |
| Galactica | 2022 | 125M, 1.3B, ... | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| BLOOM | 2022 | 560M, 1.1B, 1.7B, 3B, ... | BigScience | paper | code | huggingface |
| 2021 | | | | | | |
| XGLM | 2021 | 564M, 1.7B, 2.9B, ... | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| GPT-Neo | 2021 | 125M, 350M, 1.3B, 2.7B | EleutherAI | - | code, gpt-neox | huggingface |
| 2020 | | | | | | |
| MobileBERT | 2020 | 15.1M, 25.3M | CMU, Google | paper | code | huggingface |
| 2019 | | | | | | |
| BART | 2019 | 140M, 400M | Meta | paper | code | huggingface |
| DistilBERT | 2019 | 66M | HuggingFace | paper | code | huggingface |
| T5 | 2019 | 60M, 220M, 770M, 3B, ... | Google | paper | code | huggingface |
| TinyBERT | 2019 | 14.5M | Huawei | paper | code | huggingface |
| Megatron-LM | 2019 | 336M, 1.3B, ... | Nvidia | paper | code | - |
Infrastructure / Deployment of LLMs on Device
This section showcases frameworks and contributions for supporting LLM inference on mobile and edge devices.
Deployment Frameworks
On-Device Inference Frameworks
These frameworks are primarily used to run models directly on-device, inside mobile apps, edge deployments, or tightly integrated local runtimes.
- llama.cpp: Inference of Meta's LLaMA model (and others) in pure C/C++. Supports various platforms and builds on top of ggml (now gguf format).
- LLMFarm: iOS frontend for llama.cpp
- LLM.swift: iOS frontend for llama.cpp
- Sherpa: Android frontend for llama.cpp
- iAkashPaul/Portal: Wraps the example android app with tweaked UI, configs & additional model support
- dusty-nv's llama.cpp: Containers for Jetson deployment of llama.cpp
- Off Grid: Open-source React Native app for on-device LLM chat, vision models (SmolVLM, LLaVA), and Stable Diffusion image generation on iOS & Android.
- Airgap: Open-source React Native framework for on-device, offline-first customer support chatbots. Runs Gemma 4 E2B locally via llama.rn. Seven industry templates (telco, retail, healthcare, banking, education, insurance, airlines) ship in the repo.
- MLC-LLM: MLC LLM is a machine learning compiler and high-performance deployment engine for large language models. Supports various platforms and build on top of TVM.
- PyTorch ExecuTorch: Solution for enabling on-device inference capabilities across mobile and edge devices including wearables, embedded devices and microcontrollers.
- TorchChat: Codebase showcasing the ability to run large language models (LLMs) seamlessly across iOS and Android
- Google MediaPipe: A suite of libraries and tools for you to quickly apply artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques in your applications. Support Android, iOS, Python and Web.
- GoogleAI-Edge Gallery: Experimental app that puts the power of cutting-edge Generative AI models directly into your hands, running entirely on your Android and iOS devices.
- Apple MLX: MLX is an array framework for machine learning research on Apple silicon, brought to you by Apple machine learning research. Builds upon lazy evaluation and unified memory architecture.
- Apple Foundation Models SDK: Python bindings for Apple's Foundation Models framework, providing access to the on-device foundation model at the core of Apple Intelligence on macOS.
- HF Swift Transformers: Swift Package to implement a transformers-like API in Swift
- Alibaba MNN: MNN supports inference and training of deep learning models and for inference and training on-device.
- llama2.c (More educational, see here for android port)
- tinygrad: Simple neural network framework from tinycorp and @geohot
- TinyChatEngine: Targeted at Nvidia, Apple M1 and RPi, from Song Han's (MIT) group.
- Llama Stack (swift, kotlin): These libraries are a set of SDKs that provide a simple and effective way to integrate AI capabilities into your iOS/Android app, whether it is local (on-device) or remote inference.
- OLMoE.Swift: Ai2 OLMoE is an AI chatbot powered by the OLMoE model. Unlike cloud-based AI assistants, OLMoE runs entirely on your device, ensuring complete privacy and offline accessibility—even in Flight Mode.
- HuggingSnap: HuggingSnap is an iOS app that lets users quickly learn more about the places and objects around them. HuggingSnap runs SmolVLM2, a compact open multimodal model that accepts arbitrary sequences of image, videos, and text inputs to produce text outputs.
- Flower Intelligence: Flower Intelligence is a cross-platform inference library that lets users seamlessly interact with Large-Language Models both locally and remotely in a secure and private way. The library was created by the Flower Labs team. It supports TypeScript, JavaScript and Swift backends.
- ONNX Runtime: Cross-platform inference and training engine for ONNX models, with a Mobile package and execution providers (NNAPI, Core ML, XNNPACK, QNN) for on-device deployment on Android and iOS. See the Mobile deployment guide.
Local Network Model Serving
These frameworks are primarily used to host models on a laptop, desktop, or workstation and expose them over a local API to other devices on the same LAN.
- LM Studio: Desktop application and local inference server for hosting models on your machine, with an OpenAI-compatible local API.
- Ollama: Local model runner and server for hosting and serving models through a simple CLI and HTTP API.
- Lemonade: Open-source local AI server for text, image, and speech workloads, designed to run privately on local PCs and compatible with OpenAI-style APIs.
- llama.cpp: Can also be used as a lightweight local inference server for hosting GGUF models via CLI and HTTP server modes.
- LocalAI: Self-hosted local inference server and OpenAI-compatible REST API for running LLM, vision, image, and audio workloads on local or on-prem hardware.
- Locally AI: Native Apple-platform app for running AI models fully offline on iPhone, iPad, and Mac, optimized for Apple Silicon and on-device privacy.
- vLLM: High-throughput inference and serving engine that can expose OpenAI-compatible local APIs, better suited to stronger desktops and workstations.
- SGLang: High-performance model serving framework for local and distributed deployments, designed for low-latency and high-throughput inference.
Papers
2026
- [SenSys'26] An Efficient Context Management System for On-Device LLMaaS
Wangsong Yin et al.

- FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation
Yinpeng Wu, Yitong Chen, Lixiang Wang, et al.

2025
- Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models: Tech Report 2025
Ethan Li, Anders Boesen Lindbo Larsen, Chen Zhang, et al.

- [ACM Queue] Generative AI at the Edge: Challenges and Opportunities: The next phase in AI deployment
Vijay Janapa Reddi

2024
- PowerInfer-2: Fast Large Language Model Inference on a Smartphone
Zhenliang Xue, Yixin Song, Zeyu Mi, et al.

- [MobiCom'24] Mobile Foundation Model as Firmware
Jinliang Yuan, Chen Yang, Dongqi Cai, et al.

- Merino: Entropy-driven Design for Generative Language Models on IoT Devicess
Youpeng Zhao, Ming Lin, Huadong Tang, et al.

- LLM as a System Service on Mobile Devices
Wangsong Yin, Mengwei Xu, Yuanchun Li, et al.

2023
- LinguaLinked: A Distributed Large Language Model Inference System for Mobile Devices
Junchen Zhao, Yurun Song, Simeng Liu, et al.

- LLMCad: Fast and Scalable On-device Large Language Model Inference
Daliang Xu, Wangsong Yin, Xin Jin, et al.

- EdgeMoE: Fast On-Device Inference of MoE-based Large Language Models
Rongjie Yi, Liwei Guo, Shiyun Wei, et al.

2022
- [IEEE Pervasive Computing] The Future of Consumer Edge-AI Computing
Stefanos Laskaridis, Stylianos I. Venieris, Alexandros Kouris, et al.

Benchmarking LLMs on Device
This section focuses on measurements and benchmarking efforts for assessing LLM performance when deployed on device.
Papers
2026
- LLM Inference at the Edge: Mobile, NPU, and GPU Performance Efficiency Trade-offs Under Sustained Load
Pranay Tummalapalli, Sahil Arayakandy, Ritam Pal, Kautuk Kundan

2025
- Intelligence Per Watt: Measuring Intelligence Efficiency of Local AI
Jon Saad-Falcon, Avanika Narayan, Hakki Orhun Akengin, et al.

- P/D-Device: Disaggregated Large Language Model between Cloud and Devices
Yibo Jin, Yixu Xu, Yue Chen, et al.

- Sometimes Painful but Promising: Feasibility and Trade-Offs of On-Device Language Model Inference
Maximilian Abstreiter, Sasu Tarkoma, Roberto Morabito

- [ICLR'25] PalmBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Compressed Large Language Models on Mobile Platforms
Yilong Li, Jingyu Liu, Hao Zhang, et al.

- [SEC'25] lm-Meter: Unveiling Runtime Inference Latency for On-Device Language Models
Haoxin Wang, Xiaolong Tu, Hongyu Ke, et al.

2024
- Large Language Model Performance Benchmarking on Mobile Platforms: A Thorough Evaluation
Jie Xiao, Qianyi Huang, Xu Chen, et al.

- [EdgeFM @ MobiSys'24] Large Language Models on Mobile Devices: Measurements, Analysis, and Insights
Xiang Li, Zhenyan Lu, Dongqi Cai, et al.

- MobileAIBench: Benchmarking LLMs and LMMs for On-Device Use Cases
Rithesh Murthy, Liangwei Yang, Juntao Tan, et al.

- [MobiCom'24] MELTing point: Mobile Evaluation of Language Transformers
Stefanos Laskaridis, Kleomenis Katevas, Lorenzo Minto, et al.

Mobile-Specific Optimisations
This section focuses on techniques and optimisations that target mobile-specific deployment.
Papers
2026
- MobileMoE: Scaling On-Device Mixture of Experts
Yanbei Chen et al.

- Quant.npu: Enabling Efficient Mobile NPU Inference for on-device LLMs via Fully Static Quantization
Jinghe Zhang et al.

- [MobiSys'26] ShadowNPU: System and Algorithm Co-design for NPU-Centric On-Device LLM Inference
Wangsong Yin, Daliang Xu, Mengwei Xu, et al.

- Efficient On-Device Diffusion LLM Inference with Mobile NPU
Tuowei Wang, Yanfan Sun, Ju Ren

2025
- [NeurIPS'25] Nemotron-Flash: Towards Latency-Optimal Hybrid Small Language Models
Yonggan Fu, Xin Dong, Shizhe Diao, et al.

- [MobiCom '25] Elastic On-Device LLM Service
Wangsong Yin, Rongjie Yi, Daliang Xu, et al.

- [MobiCom '25] Confidant: Customizing Transformer-based LLMs via Collaborative Training on Mobile Devices
Yuhao Chen, Yuxuan Yan, Shuowei Ge, et al.

- [MobiCom '25] D2MoE: Dual Routing and Dynamic Scheduling for Efficient On-Device MoE-based LLM Serving
Haodong Wang, Qihua Zhou, Zicong Hong, et al.

- [CVPR'25 EDGE Workshop] Scaling On-Device GPU Inference for Large Generative Models
Jiuqiang Tang, Raman Sarokin, Ekaterina Ignasheva, et al.

- ROMA: a Read-Only-Memory-based Accelerator for QLoRA-based On-Device LLM
Liang Li, Xingke Yang, Wen Wu, et al.

- [ASPLOS'25] Fast On-device LLM Inference with NPUs
Daliang Xu, Hao Zhang, Liming Yang, et al.

2024
- Mixture of Cache-Conditional Experts for Efficient Mobile Device Inference
Andrii Skliar, Ties van Rozendaal, Romain Lepert, et al.

- PhoneLM: An Efficient and Capable Small Language Model Family through Principled Pre-training
Rongjie Yi, Xiang Li, Weikai Xie, et al.

- MobileQuant: Mobile-friendly Quantization for On-device Language Models
Fuwen Tan, Royson Lee, Łukasz Dudziak, et al.

- Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size
Gemma Team, Morgane Riviere, Shreya Pathak, et al.

- Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models
Tom Gunter, Zirui Wang, Chong Wang, et al.

- EDGE-LLM: Enabling Efficient Large Language Model Adaptation on Edge Devices via Layerwise Unified Compression and Adaptive Layer Tuning and Voting
Zhongzhi Yu, Zheng Wang, Yuhan Li, et al.

- Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone
Marah Abdin, Jyoti Aneja, Hany Awadalla, et al.

- Transformer-Lite: High-efficiency Deployment of Large Language Models on Mobile Phone GPUs
Luchang Li, Sheng Qian, Jie Lu, et al.

- Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology
Gemma Team, Google DeepMind

- MobiLlama: Towards Accurate and Lightweight Fully Transparent GPT
Omkar Thawakar, Ashmal Vayani, Salman Khan, et al.

- [ICML'24] MobileLLM: Optimizing Sub-billion Parameter Language Models for On-Device Use Cases
Zechun Liu, Changsheng Zhao, Forrest Iandola, et al.

- [ICML'24] Rethinking Optimization and Architecture for Tiny Language Models
Yehui Tang, Kai Han, Fangcheng Liu, et al.

- TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model
Peiyuan Zhang, Guangtao Zeng, Tianduo Wang, et al.

Applications
Papers
2024
- Octopus v3: Technical Report for On-device Sub-billion Multimodal AI Agent
Wei Chen, Zhiyuan Li

- Octopus v2: On-device language model for super agent
Wei Chen, Zhiyuan Li

- Octopus: On-device language model for function calling of software APIs
Wei Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Mingyuan Ma

2023
- Revolutionizing Mobile Interaction: Enabling a 3 Billion Parameter GPT LLM on Mobile
Samuel Carreira, Tomas Marques, Jose Ribeiro, Carlos Grilo

- Towards an On-device Agent for Text Rewriting
Yun Zhu, Yinxiao Liu, Felix Stahlberg, et al.

Multimodal LLMs
This section refers to multimodal LLMs, which integrate vision or other modalities in their tasks.
Papers
2026
- Small Vision-Language Models are Smart Compressors for Long Video Understanding
Junjie Fei et al.

2024
- [CVPR 2024] MobileCLIP: Fast Image-Text Models through Multi-Modal Reinforced Training
Vasu, Pavan Kumar Anasosalu, Pouransari, Hadi, Faghri, Fartash, et al.

- TinyLLaVA: A Framework of Small-scale Large Multimodal Models
Baichuan Zhou, Ying Hu, Xi Weng, et al.

- MobileVLM V2: Faster and Stronger Baseline for Vision Language Model
Xiangxiang Chu, Limeng Qiao, Xinyu Zhang, et al.

2023
- MobileVLM : A Fast, Strong and Open Vision Language Assistant for Mobile Devices
Xiangxiang Chu, Limeng Qiao, Xinyang Lin, et al.

Surveys on Efficient LLMs
This section includes survey papers on LLM efficiency, a topic very much related to deploying in constrained devices.
Papers
2025
- GenAI at the Edge: Comprehensive Survey on Empowering Edge Devices
Mozhgan Navardi, Romina Aalishah, Yuzhe Fu, et al.

- Demystifying Small Language Models for Edge Deployment
Zhenyan Lu, Xiang Li, Dongqi Cai, et al.

- Small Language Models (SLMs) Can Still Pack a Punch: A survey
Shreyas Subramanian, Vikram Elango, Mecit Gungor

2024
- A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness
Fali Wang, Zhiwei Zhang, Xianren Zhang, et al.

- Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights
Zhenyan Lu, Xiang Li, Dongqi Cai, et al.

- On-Device Language Models: A Comprehensive Review
Jiajun Xu, Zhiyuan Li, Wei Chen, et al.

- A Survey of Resource-efficient LLM and Multimodal Foundation Models
Mengwei Xu, Wangsong Yin, Dongqi Cai, et al.

2023
- Efficient Large Language Models: A Survey
Zhongwei Wan, Xin Wang, Che Liu, et al.

- Towards Efficient Generative Large Language Model Serving: A Survey from Algorithms to Systems
Xupeng Miao, Gabriele Oliaro, Zhihao Zhang, et al.

- A Survey on Model Compression for Large Language Models
Xunyu Zhu, Jian Li, Yong Liu, et al.

Training LLMs on Device
This section refers to papers attempting to train/fine-tune LLMs on device, in a standalone or federated manner.
Papers
2026
- [MobiSys'26] FBLayout: Optimizing Memory Layout for Efficient LLM Finetuning on Mobile GPUs
Kahou Tam, Wei Niu, Yu Bao, et al.

- Online-SDFT: Fine-Tuning Small Language Models for Continual Learning On-Device with Self-Distillation
I-Ju Lin, Zhang-Wei Hong

2025
- Computational Bottlenecks of Training Small-scale Large Language Models
Saleh Ashkboos, Iman Mirzadeh, Keivan Alizadeh, et al.

- [ICML'25] On-device collaborative language modeling via a mixture of generalists and specialists
Dongyang Fan, Bettina Messmer, Nikita Doikov, et al.

- MobiLLM: Enabling LLM Fine-Tuning on the Mobile Device via Server Assisted Side Tuning
Liang Li, Xingke Yang, Wen Wu, et al.

2024
- [Privacy in Natural Language Processing @ ACL'24] PocketLLM: Enabling On-Device Fine-Tuning for Personalized LLMs
Dan Peng, Zhihui Fu

2023
- [MobiCom'23] Federated Few-Shot Learning for Mobile NLP
Dongqi Cai, Shangguang Wang, Yaozong Wu, et al.

- FwdLLM: Efficient FedLLM using Forward Gradient
Mengwei Xu, Dongqi Cai, Yaozong Wu, et al.

- [Electronics'24] Forward Learning of Large Language Models by Consumer Devices
Danilo Pietro Pau, Fabrizio Maria Aymone

- Federated Fine-Tuning of LLMs on the Very Edge: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly
Herbert Woisetschläger, Alexander Isenko, Shiqiang Wang, et al.

- Federated Full-Parameter Tuning of Billion-Sized Language Models with Communication Cost under 18 Kilobytes
Zhen Qin, Daoyuan Chen, Bingchen Qian, et al.

This section includes paper that are mobile-related, but not necessarily run on device.
Papers
2026
- Xiaomi-GUI-0 Technical Report
Wanxia Cao, Chengzhen Duan, Pei Fu, et al.

- MemGUI-Agent: An End-to-End Long-Horizon Mobile GUI Agent with Proactive Context Management
Guangyi Liu, Gao Wu, Congxiao Liu, et al.

- Beyond the GUI Paradigm: Do Mobile Agents Need the Phone Screen?
Li Gu, Zihuan Jiang, Linqiang Guo, et al.

- CAPED: Context-Aware Privacy Exposure Defense for Mobile GUI Agents
Siyu Shen, Fenghao Xu, Wenrui Diao, et al.

- iOSWorld: A Benchmark for Personally Intelligent Phone Agents
Lawrence Keunho Jang, Mareks Woodside, Geronimo Carom, et al.

- MementoGUI: Learning Agentic Multimodal Memory Control for Long-Horizon GUI Agents
Ziyun Zeng, Hang Hua, Bocheng Zou, et al.

- How Mobile World Model Guides GUI Agents?
Weikai Xu, Kun Huang, Yunren Feng, et al.

- Mem-W: Latent Memory-Native GUI Agents
Guibin Zhang, Yaohui Ling, Fanci Meng, et al.

- ClawMobile: Rethinking Smartphone-Native Agentic Systems
Lepeng Zhao, Zhenhua Zou, Shuo Li, et al.

- Mobile-Agent-v3.5: Multi-platform Fundamental GUI Agents
Haiyang Xu, Xi Zhang, Haowei Liu, et al.

- Anonymization-Enhanced Privacy Protection for Mobile GUI Agents: Available but Invisible
Hongchao Du, Shangyu Wu, Qiao Li, et al.

- MemGUI-Bench: Benchmarking Memory of Mobile GUI Agents in Dynamic Environments
Guangyi Liu, Pengxiang Zhao, Yaozhen Liang, et al.

2025
- Slm-mux: Orchestrating small language models for reasoning
Chenyu Wang, Zishen Wan, Hao Kang, et al.

- Ferret-UI Lite: Lessons from Building Small On-Device GUI Agents
Zhen Yang, Zi-Yi Dou, Di Feng, et al.

- [NeurIPS'25] OmniDraft: A Cross-vocabulary, Online Adaptive Drafter for On-device Speculative Decoding
Ramchalam Kinattinkara Ramakrishnan, Zhaocong Yuan, Shaojie Zhuo, et al.

- Making Small Language Models Efficient Reasoners: Intervention, Supervision, Reinforcement
Xuechen Zhang, Zijian Huang, Chenshun Ni, et al.

- Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI
Peter Belcak, Greg Heinrich, Shizhe Diao, et al.

2024
- Mobile-Agent-v2: Mobile Device Operation Assistant with Effective Navigation via Multi-Agent Collaboration
Junyang Wang, Haiyang Xu, Haitao Jia, et al.

- Ferret-UI: Grounded Mobile UI Understanding with Multimodal LLMs
Keen You, Haotian Zhang, Eldon Schoop, et al.

- Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perception
Junyang Wang, Haiyang Xu, Jiabo Ye, et al.

- [MobiCom'24] MobileGPT: Augmenting LLM with Human-like App Memory for Mobile Task Automation
Sunjae Lee, Junyoung Choi, Jungjae Lee, et al.

- [MobiCom'24] AutoDroid: LLM-powered Task Automation in Android
Hao Wen, Yuanchun Li, Guohong Liu, et al.

2023
- [NeurIPS'23] AndroidInTheWild: A Large-Scale Dataset For Android Device Control
Christopher Rawles, Alice Li, Daniel Rodriguez, et al.

- GPT-4V in Wonderland: Large Multimodal Models for Zero-Shot Smartphone GUI Navigation
An Yan, Zhengyuan Yang, Wanrong Zhu, et al.

Older
- [ACL'20] Mapping Natural Language Instructions to Mobile UI Action Sequences
Yang Li, Jiacong He, Xin Zhou, et al.

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