M3DGR: A Multi-sensor, Multi-scenario and Massive-baseline SLAM Dataset for Ground Robots(IROS2025)
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updated Aug 15, 2026
💎 Projcet Leader: Jie Yin 殷杰 🌐 [Website] 📝 [Paper] ➡️ [Algorithm Code] ⭐️ [Pre Video] 🔥 [News]
Our goal is to benchmark "all" cutting-edge SLAM!
2026/06/14: We are excited to release a preview version of our strongest SLAM system Ultra-Fusion system,which unifies WIO, VIO, LIO, and LVIO in one configurable optimization framework, with optional wheel/GNSS fusion and online calibration.This repository contains the official implementation of our IROS 2025 paper:
"Towards Robust Sensor-Fusion Ground SLAM: A Comprehensive Benchmark and a Resilient Framework"
In this work, we propose a complete solution for robust SLAM on ground robots operating under degraded conditions. Our key contributions are:
We are excited to see that M3DGR continues to inspire follow-up works. To facilitate tracking the latest developments, we provide a curated list of papers citing M3DGR:
🔍 For those interested in accessing the unreleased M3DGR sequences in advance, we recommend first thoroughly evaluating your methods on the already released sequences. After that, feel free to contact us at zhangjunjie587@gmail.com to request early access for research purposes.
The M3DGR project is an open and collaborative effort. We encourage you to adapt and evaluate your SLAM or localization algorithms on top of the M3DGR dataset! Our goal is to build an open and dynamic community, where researchers can not only use the dataset, but also contribute back by:
Let’s make M3DGR a growing hub for robust, reproducible SLAM research! You can
Physical drawings and schematics of the ground robot. (a) Side view of the robot. (b) Sensor arrangement on the top layer. (c) Sensor arrangement on the middle and bottom layers. All dimensions are provided in centimeters.
Figure 1. The directions of the sensors are marked in different colors,red for X,green for Y and blue for Z.
All the sensors and track devices and their most important parameters are listed as below:
LiDAR1 Livox Avia, Non-repetitive, 70.4° Horizontal Field of View (FOV), 77.2° vertical FOV, 10HZ, Max Range 450m, Range Precision 2cm, Angular Precision 0.05º, IMU 6-axis 200HZ.
LiDAR2 Livox MID-360, Non-repetitive, 360° Horizontal Field of View (FOV), -7° to +52° vertical FOV, 10Hz, Max Range 40 m, Range Resolution 3 cm, Angular Resolution 0.15°, IMU 6-axis, 200HZ.
V-I Sensor Realsense d435i, RGB/Depth 640*480, 69°H-FOV, 42.5°V-FOV,15Hz; IMU 6-axis, 200Hz.
Omnidirectional Camera Insta360 X4, RGB 2880*1440, 360°H-FOV, 360°V-FOV, 15HZ. (✨If you also want to use the same camera in ROS, we provide the Insta360 X4 driver ROS package that supports real-time data streaming. You should be able to adapt it by modifying the device ID in the launch file to match your Insta360 X4.)
Wheel Odometer WHEELTEC, 2D, 20HZ.
GNSS Receiver CUAV C-RTK9Ps, BDS/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo, 10HZ.
RTK Receiver CUAV C-RTK2HP, localization accuracy 0.8cm(H)/1.5cm(V), 15HZ.
Motion-capture System OptiTrack, localization accuracy 1mm, 360HZ.
The rostopics of our rosbag sequences are listed as follows:
LiDAR1: /livox/avia/lidar
LiDAR2: /livox/mid360/lidar
Wheel Odometer:/odom
RGB Camera: /camera/color/image_raw/compressed
Omnidirectional Camera: /cv_camera/image_raw/compressed
Depth Camera: /camera/aligned_depth_to_color/image_raw/compressedDepth
GNSS:
/ublox_driver/ephem,
/ublox_driver/glo_ephem,
/ublox_driver/iono_params,
/ublox_driver/range_meas,
/ublox_driver/receiver_lla,
/ublox_driver/receiver_pvt,
/ublox_driver/time_pulse_info
IMU:
/camera/imu,
/livox/avia/imu,
/livox/mid360/imu
Sensor extrinsics, camera intrinsics, and IMU noise parameters are provided in calibration.md. IMU noise parameters (gyr_n, gyr_w, acc_n, acc_w) follow the Kalibr convention and can be used directly by most LIO/LVIO systems (e.g., FAST-LIO2, LIO-SAM, R3LIVE).
Figure 2. All trajectories are mapped in different colors.
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An overview of M3DGR is given in the table below:
| Scenario | Visual Challenge | LiDAR Degeneracy | Wheel Slippage | GNSS Denial | Standard | TOTAL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dark | VI¹ | Dynamic | Occlusion | Corridor | Elevator | WF² | ST³ | Grass | RR⁴ | ||||
| Number | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 32 |
| Dist/m | 1653.31 | 1055.58 | 355.97 | 1091.24 | 545.64 | 470.64 | 101.55 | 170.88 | 318.91 | 457.35 | 1162.39 | 4485.49 | 11868.95 |
| Duration/s | 2274 | 1458 | 609 | 1224 | 696 | 699 | 171 | 238 | 459 | 533 | 1359 | 5101 | 14821 |
| Size/GB | 27.0 | 20.0 | 7.1 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 11.2 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 23.2 | 86.0 | 225.0 |
| GroundTruth | RTK/Mocap | RTK/Mocap | RTK/Mocap | RTK/Mocap | ArUco | ArUco | Mocap | Mocap | RTK | RTK | ArUco | RTK | ---- |
Figure 3. Outdoor01 Sequences
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longtime01 | 2025-01-14 | 30.2g | 1799s | Long Time | [OneDrive]/[Alipan] | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Longtime02 | 2025-01-18 | 36.3g | 2118s | Long Time | [OneDrive]/[Alipan] | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Outdoor01 | 2025-01-03 | 6.10g | 411s | Outdoor | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Outdoor04 | 2025-01-03 | 13.4g | 782s | Outdoor | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
Figure 4. Light01 Sequences
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic01 | 2024-11-24 | 2.14g | 175s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dynamic02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.85g | 150s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.46g | 142s | Full Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.48g | 144s | Full Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.84g | 154s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.75g | 146s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | GT |
| Dark03 | 2024-11-24 | 2.01g | 170s | Dark Room | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dark04 | 2024-11-24 | 1.90g | 161s | Dark Room | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic03 | 2024-12-06 | 3.20g | 284s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dynamic04 | 2024-12-06 | 4.32g | 384s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion03 | 2024-12-01 | 4.00g | 396s | Partial Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion04 | 2024-12-01 | 5.27g | 542s | Partial Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu03 | 2025-1-13 | 13.5g | 1027s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu04 | 2025-1-13 | 9.25g | 667s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu05 | 2025-1-13 | 7.11g | 491s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dark01 | 2024-11-25 | 2.21g | 206s | Night | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dark02 | 2024-11-25 | 7.57g | 710s | Night | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
Figure 5. corridor01 Sequences
Figure 6. Wheelfloat01 Sequences
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheel-float01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.5g | 123s | Wheel Float | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Wheel-float02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.84g | 149s | Wheel Float | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Sha-turn01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.68g | 138s | Shap Turn | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Sha-turn02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.22g | 100s | Shap Turn | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
Figure 7. GNSS_Denied01 Sequences
⚠️ Known Issues:
- The RGB images collected by the D435i and X4 cameras are rolling shutter, which might affect the performance of some visual SLAM systems which require global shutter.
- The dataset lacks external trigger between sensors, instead, we perform synchronization via software synchronization.
We offer two download options for each M3DGR sequence: OneDrive (recommended) and Alipan(阿里云盘). If you use Alipan to download sequences as a folder, you need to double-click the 双击合并.bat file in the folder in Win10/Win11 to merge the original data automatically. Download all our public sequences at once through this link.
We provide the SHA256 value for users to check the integrity of rosbag. The file format is <SHA256><two-spaces><path\**.rosbag>.
You can run on Linux:
sha256sum path/to/your_download_bag.bag
or Windows:
(Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256 -Path '\path\to\your_download_bag.bag').Hash
Compare the hash output above with the hash of the corresponding line in checksums.txt. If they match exactly, the comparison is successful.
M3DGR sequences are provided as ROS 1 bag files. If you want to use them in ROS 2 Humble, you can convert a ROS 1 bag into a ROS 2 bag directory with rosbags-convert.
Install the rosbags command line tools:
pip install rosbags
Make sure the source bag file is available in your current working directory. For example:
ls Occlusion01.bag
Run the following command to convert a ROS 1 Noetic bag into a ROS 2 Humble bag:
rosbags-convert \
--dst-version 8 \
--src-typestore ros1_noetic \
--dst-typestore ros2_humble \
--src Occlusion01.bag \
--dst Occlusion01_humble
Single-line version:
rosbags-convert --dst-version 8 --src-typestore ros1_noetic --dst-typestore ros2_humble --src Occlusion01.bag --dst Occlusion01_humble
Parameter notes:
--dst-version 8: Writes rosbag2 metadata in a format that can be read directly by ROS 2 Humble tools.--src-typestore ros1_noetic: Reads message definitions using the ROS 1 Noetic type store.--dst-typestore ros2_humble: Writes message definitions using the ROS 2 Humble type store.--src Occlusion01.bag: Specifies the input ROS 1 bag file.--dst Occlusion01_humble: Specifies the output ROS 2 bag directory.After conversion, Occlusion01_humble should contain the ROS 2 bag metadata and storage files.
Note: With rosbags 0.11.3, the default destination version is 9. A version 9 bag may be created successfully, but ros2 bag info from ROS 2 Humble can fail when parsing metadata.yaml. Use --dst-version 8 for Humble compatibility.
If ROS 2 Humble is available in the environment, inspect the converted bag:
ros2 bag info Occlusion01_humble
You can also play the converted bag:
ros2 bag play Occlusion01_humble
Troubleshooting:
rosbags-convert.ros2 bag play skips Livox topics such as /livox/mid360/lidar or /livox/avia/lidar, install and source the corresponding ROS 2 message packages, for example livox_ros_driver2 and livox_ros_driver.You can quickly get the trajectory in TUM format through the TF tree method like this.
evo_ape tum GTDynamic01.txt Dynamic01.txt -ap
pip install numpy colorama tabulate evo
python ArUco_evaluate.py <GT_file_path> <evaluation_dir_path> [options]
<GT_file_path>: GT file path. <evaluation_dir_path>: folder path where the tum format file to be evaluated is stored. [options]: -t: sort the results by translation error, -r: sort by rotation error, -a: sort by root mean square error. Default sorting is based on translation error. For example:
python ArUco_evaluate.py GTCorridor01.txt ./M3DGR
Our paper uses a more stringent translation error. The Tracking Rate is calculated based on the recording time and the actual trajectory change time. If the algorithm crashes prematurely or the trajectory stops updating, the Tracking Rate will be less than 100%.
We have tested following cutting-edge methods on M3DGR🦄 dataset with well-tuned parameters. We will release all these custom baseline codes upon paper acceptance!. The testing configuration is detailed below:
③ [PMLR2021] Tartanvo: A generalizable learning-based vo [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera)
④ [T-RO2017] Orb-slam2: An open-source slam system for monocular, stereo, and rgb-d cameras [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera)
⑤ [T-RO2021] Orb-slam3: An accurate open-source library for visual, visual–inertial, and multimap slam [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑥ [RA-L2022] DM-VIO: Delayed marginalization visual-inertial odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑦ [T-RO2018] Vins-mono: A robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑧ [Sensors2019] VINS-RGBD: RGBD-inertial trajectory estimation and mapping for ground robots [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑨ [T-RO2022] GVINS: Tightly coupled GNSS–visual–inertial fusion for smooth and consistent state estimation [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis and GNSS)
⑩ [2021] VIW-Fusion: visual-inertial-wheel fusion odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis and WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer )
⑪ [2021] VINS-GPS-Wheel: Visual-Inertial Odometry Coupled with Wheel Encoder and GNSS [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis, WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer and GNSS )
⑫ [ICRA2024] Ground-fusion: A low-cost ground slam system robust to corner cases [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis, WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer and GNSS )
⑬ [RSS2014] LOAM: Lidar odometry and mapping in real-time [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 )
⑭ [ICRA2020] Loam livox: A fast, robust, high-precision LiDAR odometry and mapping package for LiDARs of small FoV [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 )
⑮ [2023] CTLO: Continuous-Time LiDAR Odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 )
⑯ [IROS2018] Lego-loam: Lightweight and ground-optimized lidar odometry and mapping on variable terrain [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox Avia )
⑰ [ICRA 2019] LIO-mapping: Tightly coupled 3d lidar inertial odometry and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis)
⑱ [IROS2020] Lio-sam: Tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
⑲ [ICRA2020] Lins: A lidar-inertial state estimator for robust and efficient navigation [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
⑳ [RA-L2021] LiLi-OM: Towards high-performance solid-state-lidar-inertial odometry and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉑ [2021] LIO-Livox: A Robust LiDAR-Inertial Odometry for Livox LiDAR [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis)
㉒ [RA-L2022] Faster-LIO: Lightweight Tightly Coupled Lidar-Inertial Odometry Using Parallel Sparse Incremental Voxels [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉓ [2022] IESKF-LIO: reference to fast_lio1.0 [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉔ [RA-L2022] VoxelMap: Efficient and probabilistic adaptive voxel mapping method for LiDAR odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉕ [T-RO2022] Fast-lio2: Fast direct lidar-inertial odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉖ [AIS2023] Point-LIO: Robust High-Bandwidth Lidar-Inertial Odometry [paper][code][adaptde_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox MID-360 and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
㉗ [RA-L2023] LOG-LIO: A LiDAR-Inertial Odometry with Efficient Local Geometric Information Estimation [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉘ [2023] CT-LIO: Continuous-Time LiDAR-Inertial Odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉙ [ICRA2023] DLIO: Direct LiDAR-Inertial Odometry: Lightweight LIO with Continuous-Time Motion Correction [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉚ [2023] HM-LIO: A Hash Map based LiDAR-Inertial Odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉛ [T-IV2024] MM-LINS: a Multi-Map LiDAR-Inertial System for Over-Degenerate Environments [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉜ [T-RO2025] LIGO: Tightly Coupled LiDAR-Inertial-GNSS Odometry based on a Hierarchy Fusion Framework for Global Localization with Real-time Mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉝ [ICRA2021] LVI-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar-Visual-Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
㉞ [RA-L2021] R2LIVE: A Robust, Real-time, LiDAR-Inertial-Visual tightly-coupled state Estimator and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉟ [ICRA2022] R3LIVE: A Robust, Real-time, RGB-colored, LiDAR-Inertial-Visual tightly-coupled state Estimation and mapping package [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis / Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
㊱ [IROS2022] FAST-LIVO: Fast and Tightly-coupled Sparse-Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊲ [RA-L2023] Coco-LIC: Continuous-Time Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Inertial-Camera Odometry using Non-Uniform B-spline [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊳ [RA-L2024] SR-LIVO: LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry and Mapping with Sweep Reconstruction [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊴ [T-RO2024] FAST-LIVO2: Fast, Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊵ [IROS2025] Ground-Fusion++: Towards Robust Sensor-Fusion Ground SLAM: A Comprehensive Benchmark and A Resilient Framework [paper][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis, WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer and GNSS)
⚠️ Known Issues:
- Please note that experimental performance may exhibit variability across runs and hardware platforms; the results reported in the paper represent averaged outcomes under our testing conditions.
- It is possible to further improve performance through careful parameter tuning and repeated evaluation in specific scenarios.
@article{zhang2025towards,
title={Towards Robust Sensor-Fusion Ground SLAM: A Comprehensive Benchmark and A Resilient Framework},
author={Zhang, Deteng and Zhang, Junjie and Sun, Yan and Li, Tao and Yin, Hao and Xie, Hongzhao and Yin, Jie},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.08364},
year={2025}
}
@inproceedings{yin2024ground,
title={Ground-fusion: A low-cost ground slam system robust to corner cases},
author={Yin, Jie and Li, Ang and Xi, Wei and Yu, Wenxian and Zou, Danping},
booktitle={2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)},
pages={8603--8609},
year={2024},
organization={IEEE}
}
@article{yin2021m2dgr,
title={M2dgr: A multi-sensor and multi-scenario slam dataset for ground robots},
author={Yin, Jie and Li, Ang and Li, Tao and Yu, Wenxian and Zou, Danping},
journal={IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters},
volume={7},
number={2},
pages={2266--2273},
year={2021},
publisher={IEEE}
}
We appreciate all contributions to improving M3DGR.
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Thanks to everyone for supporting this project.
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M3DGR: A Multi-sensor, Multi-scenario and Massive-baseline SLAM Dataset for Ground Robots(IROS2025)
C++
471
399 commits
updated Aug 15, 2026
💎 Projcet Leader: Jie Yin 殷杰 🌐 [Website] 📝 [Paper] ➡️ [Algorithm Code] ⭐️ [Pre Video] 🔥 [News]
Our goal is to benchmark "all" cutting-edge SLAM!
2026/06/14: We are excited to release a preview version of our strongest SLAM system Ultra-Fusion system,which unifies WIO, VIO, LIO, and LVIO in one configurable optimization framework, with optional wheel/GNSS fusion and online calibration.This repository contains the official implementation of our IROS 2025 paper:
"Towards Robust Sensor-Fusion Ground SLAM: A Comprehensive Benchmark and a Resilient Framework"
In this work, we propose a complete solution for robust SLAM on ground robots operating under degraded conditions. Our key contributions are:
We are excited to see that M3DGR continues to inspire follow-up works. To facilitate tracking the latest developments, we provide a curated list of papers citing M3DGR:
🔍 For those interested in accessing the unreleased M3DGR sequences in advance, we recommend first thoroughly evaluating your methods on the already released sequences. After that, feel free to contact us at zhangjunjie587@gmail.com to request early access for research purposes.
The M3DGR project is an open and collaborative effort. We encourage you to adapt and evaluate your SLAM or localization algorithms on top of the M3DGR dataset! Our goal is to build an open and dynamic community, where researchers can not only use the dataset, but also contribute back by:
Let’s make M3DGR a growing hub for robust, reproducible SLAM research! You can
Physical drawings and schematics of the ground robot. (a) Side view of the robot. (b) Sensor arrangement on the top layer. (c) Sensor arrangement on the middle and bottom layers. All dimensions are provided in centimeters.
Figure 1. The directions of the sensors are marked in different colors,red for X,green for Y and blue for Z.
All the sensors and track devices and their most important parameters are listed as below:
LiDAR1 Livox Avia, Non-repetitive, 70.4° Horizontal Field of View (FOV), 77.2° vertical FOV, 10HZ, Max Range 450m, Range Precision 2cm, Angular Precision 0.05º, IMU 6-axis 200HZ.
LiDAR2 Livox MID-360, Non-repetitive, 360° Horizontal Field of View (FOV), -7° to +52° vertical FOV, 10Hz, Max Range 40 m, Range Resolution 3 cm, Angular Resolution 0.15°, IMU 6-axis, 200HZ.
V-I Sensor Realsense d435i, RGB/Depth 640*480, 69°H-FOV, 42.5°V-FOV,15Hz; IMU 6-axis, 200Hz.
Omnidirectional Camera Insta360 X4, RGB 2880*1440, 360°H-FOV, 360°V-FOV, 15HZ. (✨If you also want to use the same camera in ROS, we provide the Insta360 X4 driver ROS package that supports real-time data streaming. You should be able to adapt it by modifying the device ID in the launch file to match your Insta360 X4.)
Wheel Odometer WHEELTEC, 2D, 20HZ.
GNSS Receiver CUAV C-RTK9Ps, BDS/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo, 10HZ.
RTK Receiver CUAV C-RTK2HP, localization accuracy 0.8cm(H)/1.5cm(V), 15HZ.
Motion-capture System OptiTrack, localization accuracy 1mm, 360HZ.
The rostopics of our rosbag sequences are listed as follows:
LiDAR1: /livox/avia/lidar
LiDAR2: /livox/mid360/lidar
Wheel Odometer:/odom
RGB Camera: /camera/color/image_raw/compressed
Omnidirectional Camera: /cv_camera/image_raw/compressed
Depth Camera: /camera/aligned_depth_to_color/image_raw/compressedDepth
GNSS:
/ublox_driver/ephem,
/ublox_driver/glo_ephem,
/ublox_driver/iono_params,
/ublox_driver/range_meas,
/ublox_driver/receiver_lla,
/ublox_driver/receiver_pvt,
/ublox_driver/time_pulse_info
IMU:
/camera/imu,
/livox/avia/imu,
/livox/mid360/imu
Sensor extrinsics, camera intrinsics, and IMU noise parameters are provided in calibration.md. IMU noise parameters (gyr_n, gyr_w, acc_n, acc_w) follow the Kalibr convention and can be used directly by most LIO/LVIO systems (e.g., FAST-LIO2, LIO-SAM, R3LIVE).
Figure 2. All trajectories are mapped in different colors.
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An overview of M3DGR is given in the table below:
| Scenario | Visual Challenge | LiDAR Degeneracy | Wheel Slippage | GNSS Denial | Standard | TOTAL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dark | VI¹ | Dynamic | Occlusion | Corridor | Elevator | WF² | ST³ | Grass | RR⁴ | ||||
| Number | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 32 |
| Dist/m | 1653.31 | 1055.58 | 355.97 | 1091.24 | 545.64 | 470.64 | 101.55 | 170.88 | 318.91 | 457.35 | 1162.39 | 4485.49 | 11868.95 |
| Duration/s | 2274 | 1458 | 609 | 1224 | 696 | 699 | 171 | 238 | 459 | 533 | 1359 | 5101 | 14821 |
| Size/GB | 27.0 | 20.0 | 7.1 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 11.2 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 23.2 | 86.0 | 225.0 |
| GroundTruth | RTK/Mocap | RTK/Mocap | RTK/Mocap | RTK/Mocap | ArUco | ArUco | Mocap | Mocap | RTK | RTK | ArUco | RTK | ---- |
Figure 3. Outdoor01 Sequences
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longtime01 | 2025-01-14 | 30.2g | 1799s | Long Time | [OneDrive]/[Alipan] | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Longtime02 | 2025-01-18 | 36.3g | 2118s | Long Time | [OneDrive]/[Alipan] | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Outdoor01 | 2025-01-03 | 6.10g | 411s | Outdoor | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Outdoor04 | 2025-01-03 | 13.4g | 782s | Outdoor | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
Figure 4. Light01 Sequences
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic01 | 2024-11-24 | 2.14g | 175s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dynamic02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.85g | 150s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.46g | 142s | Full Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.48g | 144s | Full Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.84g | 154s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.75g | 146s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | GT |
| Dark03 | 2024-11-24 | 2.01g | 170s | Dark Room | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dark04 | 2024-11-24 | 1.90g | 161s | Dark Room | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic03 | 2024-12-06 | 3.20g | 284s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dynamic04 | 2024-12-06 | 4.32g | 384s | Dynamic Person | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion03 | 2024-12-01 | 4.00g | 396s | Partial Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Occlusion04 | 2024-12-01 | 5.27g | 542s | Partial Occlusion | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu03 | 2025-1-13 | 13.5g | 1027s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu04 | 2025-1-13 | 9.25g | 667s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Varying-illu05 | 2025-1-13 | 7.11g | 491s | Varying Illumination | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dark01 | 2024-11-25 | 2.21g | 206s | Night | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Dark02 | 2024-11-25 | 7.57g | 710s | Night | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
Figure 5. corridor01 Sequences
Figure 6. Wheelfloat01 Sequences
| Sequence Name | Collection Date | Total Size | Duration | Features | Rosbag | GT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheel-float01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.5g | 123s | Wheel Float | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Wheel-float02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.84g | 149s | Wheel Float | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Sha-turn01 | 2024-11-24 | 1.68g | 138s | Shap Turn | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
| Sha-turn02 | 2024-11-24 | 1.22g | 100s | Shap Turn | OneDrive/Alipan | OneDrive/Alipan |
Figure 7. GNSS_Denied01 Sequences
⚠️ Known Issues:
- The RGB images collected by the D435i and X4 cameras are rolling shutter, which might affect the performance of some visual SLAM systems which require global shutter.
- The dataset lacks external trigger between sensors, instead, we perform synchronization via software synchronization.
We offer two download options for each M3DGR sequence: OneDrive (recommended) and Alipan(阿里云盘). If you use Alipan to download sequences as a folder, you need to double-click the 双击合并.bat file in the folder in Win10/Win11 to merge the original data automatically. Download all our public sequences at once through this link.
We provide the SHA256 value for users to check the integrity of rosbag. The file format is <SHA256><two-spaces><path\**.rosbag>.
You can run on Linux:
sha256sum path/to/your_download_bag.bag
or Windows:
(Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256 -Path '\path\to\your_download_bag.bag').Hash
Compare the hash output above with the hash of the corresponding line in checksums.txt. If they match exactly, the comparison is successful.
M3DGR sequences are provided as ROS 1 bag files. If you want to use them in ROS 2 Humble, you can convert a ROS 1 bag into a ROS 2 bag directory with rosbags-convert.
Install the rosbags command line tools:
pip install rosbags
Make sure the source bag file is available in your current working directory. For example:
ls Occlusion01.bag
Run the following command to convert a ROS 1 Noetic bag into a ROS 2 Humble bag:
rosbags-convert \
--dst-version 8 \
--src-typestore ros1_noetic \
--dst-typestore ros2_humble \
--src Occlusion01.bag \
--dst Occlusion01_humble
Single-line version:
rosbags-convert --dst-version 8 --src-typestore ros1_noetic --dst-typestore ros2_humble --src Occlusion01.bag --dst Occlusion01_humble
Parameter notes:
--dst-version 8: Writes rosbag2 metadata in a format that can be read directly by ROS 2 Humble tools.--src-typestore ros1_noetic: Reads message definitions using the ROS 1 Noetic type store.--dst-typestore ros2_humble: Writes message definitions using the ROS 2 Humble type store.--src Occlusion01.bag: Specifies the input ROS 1 bag file.--dst Occlusion01_humble: Specifies the output ROS 2 bag directory.After conversion, Occlusion01_humble should contain the ROS 2 bag metadata and storage files.
Note: With rosbags 0.11.3, the default destination version is 9. A version 9 bag may be created successfully, but ros2 bag info from ROS 2 Humble can fail when parsing metadata.yaml. Use --dst-version 8 for Humble compatibility.
If ROS 2 Humble is available in the environment, inspect the converted bag:
ros2 bag info Occlusion01_humble
You can also play the converted bag:
ros2 bag play Occlusion01_humble
Troubleshooting:
rosbags-convert.ros2 bag play skips Livox topics such as /livox/mid360/lidar or /livox/avia/lidar, install and source the corresponding ROS 2 message packages, for example livox_ros_driver2 and livox_ros_driver.You can quickly get the trajectory in TUM format through the TF tree method like this.
evo_ape tum GTDynamic01.txt Dynamic01.txt -ap
pip install numpy colorama tabulate evo
python ArUco_evaluate.py <GT_file_path> <evaluation_dir_path> [options]
<GT_file_path>: GT file path. <evaluation_dir_path>: folder path where the tum format file to be evaluated is stored. [options]: -t: sort the results by translation error, -r: sort by rotation error, -a: sort by root mean square error. Default sorting is based on translation error. For example:
python ArUco_evaluate.py GTCorridor01.txt ./M3DGR
Our paper uses a more stringent translation error. The Tracking Rate is calculated based on the recording time and the actual trajectory change time. If the algorithm crashes prematurely or the trajectory stops updating, the Tracking Rate will be less than 100%.
We have tested following cutting-edge methods on M3DGR🦄 dataset with well-tuned parameters. We will release all these custom baseline codes upon paper acceptance!. The testing configuration is detailed below:
③ [PMLR2021] Tartanvo: A generalizable learning-based vo [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera)
④ [T-RO2017] Orb-slam2: An open-source slam system for monocular, stereo, and rgb-d cameras [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera)
⑤ [T-RO2021] Orb-slam3: An accurate open-source library for visual, visual–inertial, and multimap slam [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑥ [RA-L2022] DM-VIO: Delayed marginalization visual-inertial odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑦ [T-RO2018] Vins-mono: A robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑧ [Sensors2019] VINS-RGBD: RGBD-inertial trajectory estimation and mapping for ground robots [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
⑨ [T-RO2022] GVINS: Tightly coupled GNSS–visual–inertial fusion for smooth and consistent state estimation [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis and GNSS)
⑩ [2021] VIW-Fusion: visual-inertial-wheel fusion odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis and WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer )
⑪ [2021] VINS-GPS-Wheel: Visual-Inertial Odometry Coupled with Wheel Encoder and GNSS [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis, WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer and GNSS )
⑫ [ICRA2024] Ground-fusion: A low-cost ground slam system robust to corner cases [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis, WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer and GNSS )
⑬ [RSS2014] LOAM: Lidar odometry and mapping in real-time [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 )
⑭ [ICRA2020] Loam livox: A fast, robust, high-precision LiDAR odometry and mapping package for LiDARs of small FoV [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 )
⑮ [2023] CTLO: Continuous-Time LiDAR Odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 )
⑯ [IROS2018] Lego-loam: Lightweight and ground-optimized lidar odometry and mapping on variable terrain [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox Avia )
⑰ [ICRA 2019] LIO-mapping: Tightly coupled 3d lidar inertial odometry and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis)
⑱ [IROS2020] Lio-sam: Tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
⑲ [ICRA2020] Lins: A lidar-inertial state estimator for robust and efficient navigation [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
⑳ [RA-L2021] LiLi-OM: Towards high-performance solid-state-lidar-inertial odometry and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉑ [2021] LIO-Livox: A Robust LiDAR-Inertial Odometry for Livox LiDAR [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis)
㉒ [RA-L2022] Faster-LIO: Lightweight Tightly Coupled Lidar-Inertial Odometry Using Parallel Sparse Incremental Voxels [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉓ [2022] IESKF-LIO: reference to fast_lio1.0 [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉔ [RA-L2022] VoxelMap: Efficient and probabilistic adaptive voxel mapping method for LiDAR odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉕ [T-RO2022] Fast-lio2: Fast direct lidar-inertial odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉖ [AIS2023] Point-LIO: Robust High-Bandwidth Lidar-Inertial Odometry [paper][code][adaptde_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox MID-360 and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
㉗ [RA-L2023] LOG-LIO: A LiDAR-Inertial Odometry with Efficient Local Geometric Information Estimation [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉘ [2023] CT-LIO: Continuous-Time LiDAR-Inertial Odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉙ [ICRA2023] DLIO: Direct LiDAR-Inertial Odometry: Lightweight LIO with Continuous-Time Motion Correction [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉚ [2023] HM-LIO: A Hash Map based LiDAR-Inertial Odometry [code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis )
㉛ [T-IV2024] MM-LINS: a Multi-Map LiDAR-Inertial System for Over-Degenerate Environments [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉜ [T-RO2025] LIGO: Tightly Coupled LiDAR-Inertial-GNSS Odometry based on a Hierarchy Fusion Framework for Global Localization with Real-time Mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360 and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉝ [ICRA2021] LVI-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar-Visual-Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
㉞ [RA-L2021] R2LIVE: A Robust, Real-time, LiDAR-Inertial-Visual tightly-coupled state Estimator and mapping [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㉟ [ICRA2022] R3LIVE: A Robust, Real-time, RGB-colored, LiDAR-Inertial-Visual tightly-coupled state Estimation and mapping package [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis / Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis)
㊱ [IROS2022] FAST-LIVO: Fast and Tightly-coupled Sparse-Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊲ [RA-L2023] Coco-LIC: Continuous-Time Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Inertial-Camera Odometry using Non-Uniform B-spline [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊳ [RA-L2024] SR-LIVO: LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry and Mapping with Sweep Reconstruction [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊴ [T-RO2024] FAST-LIVO2: Fast, Direct LiDAR-Inertial-Visual Odometry [paper][code][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera and Livox MID-360 IMU 6-axis / Livox Avia, D435I RGB camera and Livox Avia IMU 6-axis)
㊵ [IROS2025] Ground-Fusion++: Towards Robust Sensor-Fusion Ground SLAM: A Comprehensive Benchmark and A Resilient Framework [paper][adapted_code]. (Sensors: Livox MID-360, D435I RGB camera, Realsense D435i IMU 6-axis, WHEELTEC Wheel Odometer and GNSS)
⚠️ Known Issues:
- Please note that experimental performance may exhibit variability across runs and hardware platforms; the results reported in the paper represent averaged outcomes under our testing conditions.
- It is possible to further improve performance through careful parameter tuning and repeated evaluation in specific scenarios.
@article{zhang2025towards,
title={Towards Robust Sensor-Fusion Ground SLAM: A Comprehensive Benchmark and A Resilient Framework},
author={Zhang, Deteng and Zhang, Junjie and Sun, Yan and Li, Tao and Yin, Hao and Xie, Hongzhao and Yin, Jie},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.08364},
year={2025}
}
@inproceedings{yin2024ground,
title={Ground-fusion: A low-cost ground slam system robust to corner cases},
author={Yin, Jie and Li, Ang and Xi, Wei and Yu, Wenxian and Zou, Danping},
booktitle={2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)},
pages={8603--8609},
year={2024},
organization={IEEE}
}
@article{yin2021m2dgr,
title={M2dgr: A multi-sensor and multi-scenario slam dataset for ground robots},
author={Yin, Jie and Li, Ang and Li, Tao and Yu, Wenxian and Zou, Danping},
journal={IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters},
volume={7},
number={2},
pages={2266--2273},
year={2021},
publisher={IEEE}
}
We appreciate all contributions to improving M3DGR.
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Thanks to everyone for supporting this project.
C++
88.6%
Makefile
3.9%
C
3.4%
CMake
2.5%
Python
1.1%