Extension of the Elixir standard library focused on data stuctures, data manipulation and performance.

• Data structures
• Utility functions
• Installation
• About Aja
• FAQ

Data structures

"there is one aspect of functional programming that no amount of cleverness on the part of the compiler writer is likely to mitigate — the use of inferior or inappropriate data structures." -- Chris Okasaki

Persistent vectors: Aja.Vector

A blazing fast, pure Elixir implementation of a persistent vector, meant to offer an efficient alternative to lists. Supports many operations like appends and random access in effective constant time.

iex> vector = Aja.Vector.new(1..10)
vec([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
iex> Aja.Vector.append(vector, :foo)
vec([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, :foo])
iex> vector[3]
4
iex> Aja.Vector.replace_at(vector, -1, :bar)
vec([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, :bar])
iex> 3 in vector
true

Aja.Vector reimplements many of the functions from the Enum module specifically for vectors, with efficiency in mind. It should be easier to use from Elixir than Erlang's :array module and faster in most cases.

The Aja.vec/1 and Aja.vec_size/1 macros, while being totally optional, can make it easier to work with vectors and make pattern-matching possible:

iex> import Aja
iex> vec([a, 2, c, _d, e]) = Aja.Vector.new(1..5); {a, c, e}
{1, 3, 5}
iex> vec(first ||| last) = Aja.Vector.new(1..1_000_000); {first, last}
{1, 1000000}
iex> match?(v when vec_size(v) > 9, vec(1..10))
true

The Aja.+++/2 operator provides synctactic sugar for vector concatenation:

iex> vec([1, 2, 3]) +++ vec([4, 5])
vec([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

Ordered maps: Aja.OrdMap

The standard library does not offer any similar functionality:

• regular maps do not keep track of the insertion order
• keywords do but they only support atoms and do not have the right performance characteristics (plain lists)

iex> %{"one" => 1, "two" => 2, "three" => 3}
%{"one" => 1, "three" => 3, "two" => 2}
iex> ord_map = Aja.OrdMap.new([{"one", 1}, {"two", 2}, {"three", 3}])
ord(%{"one" => 1, "two" => 2, "three" => 3})
iex> ord_map["two"]
2
iex> Enum.to_list(ord_map)
[{"one", 1}, {"two", 2}, {"three", 3}]

Ordered maps behave pretty much like regular maps, and the Aja.OrdMap module offers the same API as Map. The convenience macro Aja.ord/1 make them a breeze to instantiate or pattern-match upon:

iex> import Aja
iex> ord_map = ord(%{"一" => 1, "二" => 2, "三" => 3})
ord(%{"一" => 1, "二" => 2, "三" => 3})
iex> ord(%{"三" => three, "一" => one}) = ord_map
iex> {one, three}
{1, 3}

All data structures offer:

• great performance characteristics at any size (see FAQ)
• well-documented APIs that are consistent with the standard library
• implementation of Inspect, Enumerable and Collectable protocols
• implementation of the Access behaviour
• implementation of the JSON.Encoder protocol (on Elixir 1.18+)
• (optional if Jason is installed) implemention of the Jason.Encoder protocol

Optimized Enum: Aja.Enum

Aja.Enum mirrors the Enum module, but its implementation is highly optimized for Aja structures such as Aja.Vector or Aja.OrdMap.

Aja.Enum on vectors/ord maps can often be faster than Enum on lists/maps, depending on the function and size of the sequence.

Installation

Aja can be installed by adding aja to your list of dependencies in mix.exs:

def deps do
  [
    {:aja, "~> 0.7.4"}
  ]
end

Or you can just try it out from iex or an .exs script:

iex> Mix.install([:aja])
:ok
iex> Aja.Vector.new(["Hello", "world!"])
vec(["Hello", "world!"])

Documentation can be found at https://hexdocs.pm/aja.

About Aja

Inspirations

• the amazingly polished Elixir standard library: self-consistent, well-documented and just delightful ✨️
• the also amazing Python standard library, notably its collections module
• various work on efficient persistent data structures spearheaded by Okasaki
• Clojure's persistent vectors, by Rich Hickey and influenced by Phil Bagwell

Goals

• being consistent with Elixir and with itself (API, quality, documentation)
• no external dependency to help you preserve a decent dependency tree
• performance-conscious (right algorithm, proper benchmarking, fast compile times*)
• mostly dead-simple pure functions: no configuration, no mandatory macro, no statefulness / OTP

(* while fast compile time is a target, vectors are optimized for fast runtime at the expense of compile time)

Resources

• Chris Okasaki's Purely Functional Data Structures
• Jean Niklas L'orange's articles and thesis about persistent vectors and RRB trees

FAQ

How stable is it?

Aja is still pretty early stage and the high-level organisation is still in flux. Expect some breaking changes until it reaches maturity.

However, most of its APIs are based on the standard library and should therefore remain fairly stable.

Besides, Aja is tested quite thoroughly both with unit tests and property-based testing (especially for data structures). This effort is far from perfect, but increases our confidence in the overall reliability.

How is the performance?

Vectors

Most operations from Aja.Vector are much faster than Erlang's :array equivalents, and in some cases are even noticeably faster than equivalent list operations (map, folds, join, sum...). Make sure to read the efficiency guide from Aja.Vector doc.

Ordered maps

Performance for ordered maps has an inevitable though decent overhead over plain maps in terms of creation and update time (write operations), as well as memory usage, since some extra work is needed to keep track of the order. It has however very good read performance, with a very minimal overhead in terms of key access, and can be enumerated much faster than maps using Aja.Enum.

Aja 💖️ JIT

Aja's data structures (vectors and ordered maps) are already pretty fast on pre-JIT versions of OTP (<= 23). Benchmarks on OTP 24 suggest however that they are taking great advantage of the JIT, relative to lists/maps, making them even more interesting performance-wise.

Benchmarks

Aja data structures should work fine in most cases, but if you're considering them for performance-critical sections of your code, make sure to benchmark them.

Benchmarking is still a work in progress, but you can check the bench folder for more detailed figures.

Copyright and License

Aja is licensed under the MIT License.