Python-BPF is an LLVM IR generator for eBPF programs written in Python. It uses llvmlite to generate LLVM IR and then compiles to LLVM object files. These object files can be loaded into the kernel for execution. Python-BPF performs compilation without relying on BCC.

Note: This project is under active development and not ready for production use.

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Overview

• Generate eBPF programs directly from Python.
• Compile to LLVM object files for kernel execution.
• Built with llvmlite for IR generation.
• Supports maps, helpers, and global definitions for BPF.
• Companion project: pylibbpf, which provides the bindings required for object loading and execution.

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Installation

Dependencies:

• bpftool
• clang
• Python ≥ 3.10

Install via pip:

pip install pythonbpf pylibbpf

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Try It Out!

First, generate the vmlinux.py file for your kernel:

• Install the required dependencies:
• On Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install bpftool clang
pip install pythonbpf pylibbpf ctypeslib2

• Generate the vmlinux.py using:

sudo tools/vmlinux-gen.py

• Copy this file to BCC-Examples/

Next, install requirements for BCC-Examples:

• These requirements are only required for the python notebooks, vfsreadlat and container-monitor examples.

pip install -r BCC-Examples/requirements.txt

• Now, follow the instructions in the BCC-Examples/README.md to run the examples.

To spin up jupyter notebook examples:

• Run and follow the instructions on screen

curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pythonbpf/Python-BPF/refs/heads/master/tools/setup.sh | sudo bash

• Check the jupyter server on the web browser and run the notebooks in the BCC-Examples/ folder.

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Example Usage

import time
from pythonbpf import bpf, map, section, bpfglobal, BPF
from pythonbpf.helper import pid
from pythonbpf.maps import HashMap
from pylibbpf import *
from ctypes import c_void_p, c_int64, c_uint64, c_int32
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


# This program attaches an eBPF tracepoint to sys_enter_clone,
# counts per-PID clone syscalls, stores them in a hash map,
# and then plots the distribution as a histogram using matplotlib.
# It provides a quick view of process creation activity over 10 seconds.

@bpf
@map
def hist() -> HashMap:
    return HashMap(key=c_int32, value=c_uint64, max_entries=4096)


@bpf
@section("tracepoint/syscalls/sys_enter_clone")
def hello(ctx: c_void_p) -> c_int64:
    process_id = pid()
    prev = hist.lookup(process_id)
    if prev:
        previous_value = prev + 1
        print(f"count: {previous_value} with {process_id}")
        hist.update(process_id, previous_value)
        return 0
    else:
        hist.update(process_id, 1)
    return 0


@bpf
@bpfglobal
def LICENSE() -> str:
    return "GPL"


b = BPF()
b.load_and_attach()
hist = BpfMap(b, hist)
print("Recording")
time.sleep(10)

counts = list(hist.values())

plt.hist(counts, bins=20)
plt.xlabel("Clone calls per PID")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.title("Syscall clone counts")
plt.show()

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Architecture

Python-BPF provides a complete pipeline to write, compile, and load eBPF programs in Python:

1. Python Source Code

   • Users write BPF programs in Python using decorators like @bpf, @map, @section, and @bpfglobal.
   • Maps (hash maps), helpers (e.g., ktime, deref), and tracepoints are defined using Python constructs, preserving a syntax close to standard Python.

2. AST Generation

   • The Python ast module parses the source code into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST).
   • Decorators and type annotations are captured to determine BPF maps, tracepoints, and global variables.

3. LLVM IR Emission

   • The AST is transformed into LLVM Intermediate Representation (IR) using llvmlite.
   • IR captures BPF maps, control flow, assignments, and calls to helper functions.
   • Debug information is emitted for easier inspection.

4. LLVM Object File Compilation

   • The LLVM IR (.ll) is compiled into a BPF target object file (.o) using llc -march=bpf -O2.
   • This produces a kernel-loadable ELF object file containing the BPF bytecode.

5. libbpf Integration (via pylibbpf)

   • The compiled object file can be loaded into the kernel using pylibbpf.
   • Maps, tracepoints, and program sections are initialized, and helper functions are resolved.
   • Programs are attached to kernel hooks (e.g., syscalls) for execution.

6. Execution in Kernel

   • The kernel executes the loaded eBPF program.
   • Hash maps, helpers, and global variables behave as defined in the Python source.
   • Output can be read via BPF maps, helper functions, or trace printing.

This architecture eliminates the need for embedding C code in Python, allowing full Python tooling support while generating true BPF object files ready for kernel execution.

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Development

1. Create a virtual environment and activate it:

   python3 -m venv .venv
   source .venv/bin/activate
   

2. Install dependencies:

   make install
   

   Then, run any example in examples

3. Verify an object file with the kernel verifier:

   ./tools/check.sh check execve2.o
   

4. Run an object file using bpftool:

   ./tools/check.sh run execve2.o
   

5. Explore LLVM IR output from clang in examples/c-form by running make.

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Resources and Talks

• Linux Plumbers Conference 2025
• Video demonstration
• More Demos
• FOSDEM 2026

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Authors

• @r41k0u
• @varun-r-mallya

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