HEI ReBot Lift is a LeRobot/ReBot-based dual-arm mobile robot with a lifting platform, omnidirectional chassis, three-view vision, and a VR + MuJoCo + Pinocchio IK teleoperation pipeline. It supports teleoperation, data recording, ACT/VLA training, and policy deployment.
152
stars
37
commits
Python
primary language
Sep 2, 2026
updated
English | 中文 | français | Español
HEI ReBot Lift is a dual-arm lifting mobile robot project for embodied AI learning, reproduction, and real-robot validation. Its goal is to lower the barrier to building real robot learning systems. It follows the idea of truly reproducible open source: not only releasing code, but also organizing hardware materials, wiring, deployment steps, the VR teleoperation pipeline, dataset recording, ACT/VLA training, and real-robot rollout workflows, so builders can move from hardware assembly all the way to policy deployment. The robot consists of dual arms, a lift platform, a four-wheel O-type omnidirectional chassis, and three cameras. The software is built on LeRobot and covers MuJoCo/Pinocchio inverse kinematics, LeRobotDataset, imitation learning, and VLA policy deployment.
🚀 Dual-Arm Mobile Manipulation · 📖 Open Hardware + Software Stack · 🤖 LeRobot Ready
🚀 Quick Setup · 🦾 Hardware · 🎮 VR Teleoperation · 📷 Record Data · 🧠 Train ACT · ✨ Train VLA
| Icon | Capability | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 🦾 | Dual-arm manipulation | Damiao dual arms and grippers for teleoperation, recording, and policy rollout |
| ⬆️ | Lift platform | Automatic homing on startup, with the upper limit defined as height.pos = 0 |
| ⭕ | Omnidirectional base | Four-wheel O-type omnidirectional chassis with x/y/theta velocity control |
| 🎮 | VR teleoperation | Telegrip captures VR controller data; MuJoCo + Pinocchio/CasADi compute IK |
| 📷 | Three-camera data | front, left_wrist, and right_wrist visual inputs |
| 🧠 | Imitation learning / VLA | Supports LeRobotDataset, ACT, SmolVLA, and real-robot rollout |
If you want to reproduce your own HEI ReBot Lift, you can follow the hardware materials, BOM, wiring notes, and software deployment documents gradually organized in this project to source parts and build the robot yourself. We also welcome builders and researchers interested in dual-arm mobile manipulation, VR teleoperation, LeRobot data collection, ACT/VLA training, and real-robot deployment to exchange ideas with us.
If you want to get your own robot faster, or would like to collaborate on hardware reproduction, teaching labs, data collection, algorithm validation, or application deployment, feel free to contact us.
WeChat community / collaboration: hgm159951 |
Email: hgm159951@163.com
Reproductions, discussions, issues, improvements, and real-robot test feedback are all welcome.
hei-rebot-lift/
├── README.md
├── README_zh.md
├── README_Fr.md
├── README_es.md
├── LICENSE
├── community/ # Community notes and collaboration records
├── hardware/ # Hardware BOM, wiring, device binding, mechanical materials
├── media/ # Images, videos, and README assets
├── docs/ # Deployment and usage documentation
└── software/
└── lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/ # Runnable LeRobot-based software project
The runnable software lives in:
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/
All commands below assume you first enter this directory:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
We will continue improving HEI ReBot Lift across hardware materials, software interfaces, data collection workflows, and mainstream embodied AI policy integrations. The table below summarizes the current status and links to the related documentation.
| Module | Status | Current Progress | Related DOC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robot body | ✅ First version completed | Dual arms, lift platform, and four-wheel O-type omnidirectional base are integrated and tested as a complete system | Hardware |
| Damiao motor driver | ✅ First version completed | damiao_u2can is implemented for dual arms, grippers, chassis, and lift motor control | Damiao U2CAN |
| Lift platform | ✅ First version completed | Supports upper-limit homing on startup and height.pos position-target control | Robot Driver |
| Omnidirectional base | ✅ First version completed | Supports x.vel, y.vel, and theta.vel commands with basic acceleration smoothing | Robot Driver |
| Three-camera vision | ✅ First version completed | Supports front, left_wrist, and right_wrist OpenCV cameras with MJPG by default | Robot Driver |
| VR + MuJoCo IK | ✅ First version completed | Telegrip + MuJoCo + Pinocchio/CasADi is connected to the real-robot control pipeline | VR MuJoCo IK |
| LeRobot integration | ✅ First version completed | hei_rebot_lift robot/client/host is implemented with teleoperate, record, replay, evaluate, and rollout scripts | Examples |
| Data collection | ✅ First version completed | Supports LeRobotDataset recording, resume recording, visualization, and bad-episode cleanup | Record Guide |
| ACT training and rollout | ✅ Verified | Supports ACT training and real-robot rollout | Examples |
| SmolVLA / VLA | ✅ Initial support | Supports SmolVLA training and real-robot rollout entry points | Examples |
| Open hardware materials | 🚧 In progress | hardware/, media/, docs/, and community/ project structure is prepared | Hardware |
| Community and reproduction | 🚧 Ongoing | WeChat group, email contact, and GitHub project entry are available | Community |
| Other mainstream VLA deployment reproduction | ⏳ Coming soon | Plan to reproduce and test more mainstream VLA policies for training, inference, and real-robot deployment on HEI ReBot Lift | Not completed |
The hardware package now includes the overall BOM, full robot STEP assembly, 3D printed parts, and metal/CNC/sheet-metal manufacturing files.
| Resource | File / Directory | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hardware guide | hardware/README.md | Hardware directory index, reproduction order, and safety checklist |
| Overall BOM | hardware/HEI_ReBot_Lift_BOM.md / xlsx | Main purchasing and preparation checklist for the complete robot |
| Full robot assembly | hardware/Hei_robot_lift.STEP | Full STEP model for structure review and assembly reference |
| 3D printed parts | hardware/3D_Printed_Parts/ | STL files for printed covers, brackets, lift, chassis, and camera-related parts |
| Metal body parts list | hardware/Metal_Parts/HEI_Metal_Body_Parts_List.xlsx | Metal/CNC/sheet-metal part list |
| Metal CAD files | hardware/Metal_Parts/step/ / hardware/Metal_Parts/dwg/ | STEP and DWG files for machining communication |
Dual arms: left and right arms with 7 Damiao motors each. Joints 1-3 use DM4340P, joints 4-6 and gripper use DM4310
Chassis: four-wheel O-type omnidirectional mobile base, using DM4310 wheel motors
Lift: lead-screw lift platform using a DM4310 motor. On startup, the upper limit is homed as height.pos = 0
Cameras: three OpenCV cameras: front, left_wrist, right_wrist
Communication: ZMQ between robot-side host and computer-side client
Teleoperation: VR headset and controllers. Telegrip captures VR data; MuJoCo + Pinocchio/CasADi compute IK
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/src/lerobot/robots/hei_rebot_lift/ Robot driver
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/src/lerobot/motors/damiao_u2can/ Damiao U2CAN communication
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/ Record, replay, evaluate, and rollout scripts
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik/ VR + MuJoCo + Pinocchio IK
Create the LeRobot environment:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
conda create -n lerobot5 python=3.12 -y
conda activate lerobot5
pip install -e .
Create the VR/MuJoCo IK environment:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik
conda env create -f environment.yml
Verify Pinocchio + CasADi:
conda activate hei-rebot-vr
env -u LD_LIBRARY_PATH python -c "import pinocchio as pin; from pinocchio import casadi as cpin; print(pin.__version__); print('casadi binding ok')"
Stable udev device names are used by default:
/dev/hei_right_arm Right arm U2CAN
/dev/hei_left_arm Left arm U2CAN
/dev/hei_chassis Chassis U2CAN
/dev/hei_lift Lift motor U2CAN
/dev/hei_lift_io Lift limit-switch serial port
Default cameras:
front /dev/video0
left_wrist /dev/video2
right_wrist /dev/video4
Find connected cameras:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 lerobot-find-cameras
Start the robot-side host:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 hei-rebot-lift-host
Start Telegrip on the computer:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik
./run_telegrip.sh
Open this URL in the VR headset browser:
https://COMPUTER_IP:8443
Start MuJoCo IK on the computer:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik
./run_mujoco_ik.sh
Test teleoperation:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/teleoperate.py --remote-ip 192.168.31.127
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/record.py --repo-id HGM/hei_rebot_lift_task1 --remote-ip 192.168.31.127 --num-episodes 5 --episode-time-sec 120 --reset-time-sec 30 --task-description "Pick up the yellow block from the floor and put it on the table in front"
By default, data is saved locally and is not pushed to the Hugging Face Hub. Add --push-to-hub when uploading is needed.
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 lerobot-train --dataset.repo_id=HGM/hei_rebot_lift_task1 --policy.type=act --policy.device=cuda --policy.push_to_hub=false --output_dir=outputs/train/act_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --job_name=act_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --batch_size=8 --steps=10000 --save_freq=10000 --log_freq=200 --num_workers=4 --wandb.enable=false
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 lerobot-train --dataset.repo_id=HGM/hei_rebot_lift_task1 --policy.type=smolvla --policy.device=cuda --policy.push_to_hub=false --output_dir=outputs/train/smolvla_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --job_name=smolvla_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --batch_size=1 --steps=1000 --save_freq=1000 --log_freq=50 --num_workers=2 --wandb.enable=false
ACT rollout:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/rollout.py --model-id outputs/train/act_hei_rebot_lift_task1/checkpoints/010000/pretrained_model --task "Pick up the yellow block from the floor and put it on the table in front" --duration-sec 30 --inference sync
SmolVLA rollout:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/rollout.py --model-id outputs/train/smolvla_hei_rebot_lift_task1/checkpoints/001000/pretrained_model --task "Pick up the yellow block from the floor and put it on the table in front" --duration-sec 60 --fps 10 --inference rtc
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/README.md
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/README.md
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/src/lerobot/robots/hei_rebot_lift/README.md
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik/README.md
The development of HEI ReBot Lift benefits from several excellent open-source projects and community efforts. In particular, we would like to thank:
This project customizes and extends ideas from these open-source ecosystems, aiming to further lower the barrier to learning, reproducing, collecting data with, and deploying policies on a dual-arm lifting mobile robot.
This project is built on top of Hugging Face LeRobot and keeps the LeRobot dataset, training, policy, and robot-interface ecosystem. Please also follow the original LeRobot license requirements.
37 commits
Python
89.7%
MDX
9.6%
HEI ReBot Lift is a LeRobot/ReBot-based dual-arm mobile robot with a lifting platform, omnidirectional chassis, three-view vision, and a VR + MuJoCo + Pinocchio IK teleoperation pipeline. It supports teleoperation, data recording, ACT/VLA training, and policy deployment.
152
stars
37
commits
Python
primary language
Sep 2, 2026
updated
English | 中文 | français | Español
HEI ReBot Lift is a dual-arm lifting mobile robot project for embodied AI learning, reproduction, and real-robot validation. Its goal is to lower the barrier to building real robot learning systems. It follows the idea of truly reproducible open source: not only releasing code, but also organizing hardware materials, wiring, deployment steps, the VR teleoperation pipeline, dataset recording, ACT/VLA training, and real-robot rollout workflows, so builders can move from hardware assembly all the way to policy deployment. The robot consists of dual arms, a lift platform, a four-wheel O-type omnidirectional chassis, and three cameras. The software is built on LeRobot and covers MuJoCo/Pinocchio inverse kinematics, LeRobotDataset, imitation learning, and VLA policy deployment.
🚀 Dual-Arm Mobile Manipulation · 📖 Open Hardware + Software Stack · 🤖 LeRobot Ready
🚀 Quick Setup · 🦾 Hardware · 🎮 VR Teleoperation · 📷 Record Data · 🧠 Train ACT · ✨ Train VLA
| Icon | Capability | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 🦾 | Dual-arm manipulation | Damiao dual arms and grippers for teleoperation, recording, and policy rollout |
| ⬆️ | Lift platform | Automatic homing on startup, with the upper limit defined as height.pos = 0 |
| ⭕ | Omnidirectional base | Four-wheel O-type omnidirectional chassis with x/y/theta velocity control |
| 🎮 | VR teleoperation | Telegrip captures VR controller data; MuJoCo + Pinocchio/CasADi compute IK |
| 📷 | Three-camera data | front, left_wrist, and right_wrist visual inputs |
| 🧠 | Imitation learning / VLA | Supports LeRobotDataset, ACT, SmolVLA, and real-robot rollout |
If you want to reproduce your own HEI ReBot Lift, you can follow the hardware materials, BOM, wiring notes, and software deployment documents gradually organized in this project to source parts and build the robot yourself. We also welcome builders and researchers interested in dual-arm mobile manipulation, VR teleoperation, LeRobot data collection, ACT/VLA training, and real-robot deployment to exchange ideas with us.
If you want to get your own robot faster, or would like to collaborate on hardware reproduction, teaching labs, data collection, algorithm validation, or application deployment, feel free to contact us.
WeChat community / collaboration: hgm159951 |
Email: hgm159951@163.com
Reproductions, discussions, issues, improvements, and real-robot test feedback are all welcome.
hei-rebot-lift/
├── README.md
├── README_zh.md
├── README_Fr.md
├── README_es.md
├── LICENSE
├── community/ # Community notes and collaboration records
├── hardware/ # Hardware BOM, wiring, device binding, mechanical materials
├── media/ # Images, videos, and README assets
├── docs/ # Deployment and usage documentation
└── software/
└── lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/ # Runnable LeRobot-based software project
The runnable software lives in:
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/
All commands below assume you first enter this directory:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
We will continue improving HEI ReBot Lift across hardware materials, software interfaces, data collection workflows, and mainstream embodied AI policy integrations. The table below summarizes the current status and links to the related documentation.
| Module | Status | Current Progress | Related DOC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robot body | ✅ First version completed | Dual arms, lift platform, and four-wheel O-type omnidirectional base are integrated and tested as a complete system | Hardware |
| Damiao motor driver | ✅ First version completed | damiao_u2can is implemented for dual arms, grippers, chassis, and lift motor control | Damiao U2CAN |
| Lift platform | ✅ First version completed | Supports upper-limit homing on startup and height.pos position-target control | Robot Driver |
| Omnidirectional base | ✅ First version completed | Supports x.vel, y.vel, and theta.vel commands with basic acceleration smoothing | Robot Driver |
| Three-camera vision | ✅ First version completed | Supports front, left_wrist, and right_wrist OpenCV cameras with MJPG by default | Robot Driver |
| VR + MuJoCo IK | ✅ First version completed | Telegrip + MuJoCo + Pinocchio/CasADi is connected to the real-robot control pipeline | VR MuJoCo IK |
| LeRobot integration | ✅ First version completed | hei_rebot_lift robot/client/host is implemented with teleoperate, record, replay, evaluate, and rollout scripts | Examples |
| Data collection | ✅ First version completed | Supports LeRobotDataset recording, resume recording, visualization, and bad-episode cleanup | Record Guide |
| ACT training and rollout | ✅ Verified | Supports ACT training and real-robot rollout | Examples |
| SmolVLA / VLA | ✅ Initial support | Supports SmolVLA training and real-robot rollout entry points | Examples |
| Open hardware materials | 🚧 In progress | hardware/, media/, docs/, and community/ project structure is prepared | Hardware |
| Community and reproduction | 🚧 Ongoing | WeChat group, email contact, and GitHub project entry are available | Community |
| Other mainstream VLA deployment reproduction | ⏳ Coming soon | Plan to reproduce and test more mainstream VLA policies for training, inference, and real-robot deployment on HEI ReBot Lift | Not completed |
The hardware package now includes the overall BOM, full robot STEP assembly, 3D printed parts, and metal/CNC/sheet-metal manufacturing files.
| Resource | File / Directory | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hardware guide | hardware/README.md | Hardware directory index, reproduction order, and safety checklist |
| Overall BOM | hardware/HEI_ReBot_Lift_BOM.md / xlsx | Main purchasing and preparation checklist for the complete robot |
| Full robot assembly | hardware/Hei_robot_lift.STEP | Full STEP model for structure review and assembly reference |
| 3D printed parts | hardware/3D_Printed_Parts/ | STL files for printed covers, brackets, lift, chassis, and camera-related parts |
| Metal body parts list | hardware/Metal_Parts/HEI_Metal_Body_Parts_List.xlsx | Metal/CNC/sheet-metal part list |
| Metal CAD files | hardware/Metal_Parts/step/ / hardware/Metal_Parts/dwg/ | STEP and DWG files for machining communication |
Dual arms: left and right arms with 7 Damiao motors each. Joints 1-3 use DM4340P, joints 4-6 and gripper use DM4310
Chassis: four-wheel O-type omnidirectional mobile base, using DM4310 wheel motors
Lift: lead-screw lift platform using a DM4310 motor. On startup, the upper limit is homed as height.pos = 0
Cameras: three OpenCV cameras: front, left_wrist, right_wrist
Communication: ZMQ between robot-side host and computer-side client
Teleoperation: VR headset and controllers. Telegrip captures VR data; MuJoCo + Pinocchio/CasADi compute IK
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/src/lerobot/robots/hei_rebot_lift/ Robot driver
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/src/lerobot/motors/damiao_u2can/ Damiao U2CAN communication
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/ Record, replay, evaluate, and rollout scripts
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik/ VR + MuJoCo + Pinocchio IK
Create the LeRobot environment:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
conda create -n lerobot5 python=3.12 -y
conda activate lerobot5
pip install -e .
Create the VR/MuJoCo IK environment:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik
conda env create -f environment.yml
Verify Pinocchio + CasADi:
conda activate hei-rebot-vr
env -u LD_LIBRARY_PATH python -c "import pinocchio as pin; from pinocchio import casadi as cpin; print(pin.__version__); print('casadi binding ok')"
Stable udev device names are used by default:
/dev/hei_right_arm Right arm U2CAN
/dev/hei_left_arm Left arm U2CAN
/dev/hei_chassis Chassis U2CAN
/dev/hei_lift Lift motor U2CAN
/dev/hei_lift_io Lift limit-switch serial port
Default cameras:
front /dev/video0
left_wrist /dev/video2
right_wrist /dev/video4
Find connected cameras:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 lerobot-find-cameras
Start the robot-side host:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 hei-rebot-lift-host
Start Telegrip on the computer:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik
./run_telegrip.sh
Open this URL in the VR headset browser:
https://COMPUTER_IP:8443
Start MuJoCo IK on the computer:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik
./run_mujoco_ik.sh
Test teleoperation:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/teleoperate.py --remote-ip 192.168.31.127
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/record.py --repo-id HGM/hei_rebot_lift_task1 --remote-ip 192.168.31.127 --num-episodes 5 --episode-time-sec 120 --reset-time-sec 30 --task-description "Pick up the yellow block from the floor and put it on the table in front"
By default, data is saved locally and is not pushed to the Hugging Face Hub. Add --push-to-hub when uploading is needed.
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 lerobot-train --dataset.repo_id=HGM/hei_rebot_lift_task1 --policy.type=act --policy.device=cuda --policy.push_to_hub=false --output_dir=outputs/train/act_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --job_name=act_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --batch_size=8 --steps=10000 --save_freq=10000 --log_freq=200 --num_workers=4 --wandb.enable=false
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 lerobot-train --dataset.repo_id=HGM/hei_rebot_lift_task1 --policy.type=smolvla --policy.device=cuda --policy.push_to_hub=false --output_dir=outputs/train/smolvla_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --job_name=smolvla_hei_rebot_lift_task1 --batch_size=1 --steps=1000 --save_freq=1000 --log_freq=50 --num_workers=2 --wandb.enable=false
ACT rollout:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/rollout.py --model-id outputs/train/act_hei_rebot_lift_task1/checkpoints/010000/pretrained_model --task "Pick up the yellow block from the floor and put it on the table in front" --duration-sec 30 --inference sync
SmolVLA rollout:
cd software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift
PYTHONPATH=src conda run --no-capture-output -n lerobot5 python -u examples/hei_rebot_lift/rollout.py --model-id outputs/train/smolvla_hei_rebot_lift_task1/checkpoints/001000/pretrained_model --task "Pick up the yellow block from the floor and put it on the table in front" --duration-sec 60 --fps 10 --inference rtc
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/README.md
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/README.md
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/src/lerobot/robots/hei_rebot_lift/README.md
software/lerobot-hei-rebot-lift/examples/hei_rebot_lift/VR_mujoco_ik/README.md
The development of HEI ReBot Lift benefits from several excellent open-source projects and community efforts. In particular, we would like to thank:
This project customizes and extends ideas from these open-source ecosystems, aiming to further lower the barrier to learning, reproducing, collecting data with, and deploying policies on a dual-arm lifting mobile robot.
This project is built on top of Hugging Face LeRobot and keeps the LeRobot dataset, training, policy, and robot-interface ecosystem. Please also follow the original LeRobot license requirements.
37 commits
Python
89.7%
MDX
9.6%