Note:

This is a maintained, curiosity-driven personal project that was originally not intended to be a library. Issues and pull requests for bug fixes, new algorithms, and data structures are welcome. Feel free to fork and modify the project to fit your needs.

Advanced Algorithms

Various important computer science algorithms generically implemented in C#.

Install by nuget

For beta releases on beta branch

Install-Package Advanced.Algorithms -Pre

For stable releases on stable branch

Install-Package Advanced.Algorithms

• API documentation

Supports

• .NET Standard 2.0 (covers .NET Framework 4.6.1+ and all modern .NET)

Development environment

Requires the .NET 10 SDK.

• Visual Studio 2022+ or JetBrains Rider

Data structures

List

• Array list (dynamic array) (implementation | tests)
• Skip list (implementation | tests)

HashSets

• HashSet (using separate chaining optionally with open address linear probing) (implementation | tests)
• Ordered HashSet (implementation | tests)

Dictionaries

• Dictionary (using separate chaining optionally with open address linear probing) (implementation | tests)
• Ordered Dictionary (implementation | tests)

Stack

• Stack (using dynamic array and optionally using singly linked list) (implementation | tests)

Queue

• Queue (using dynamic array and optionally using doubly linked list) (implementation | tests)
• Priority queue (implementation | tests)

Linked list

• Singly linked list (implementation | tests)
• Doubly linked list (implementation | tests)
• Circular linked list (implementation | tests)

Heap

• Binary heap (implementation | tests)
• d-ary heap (implementation | tests)
• Binomial heap (implementation | tests)
• Fibonacci heap (implementation | tests)
• Pairing heap (implementation | tests)

Note: It is observed that among the implementations here, in practice, with the exclusion of UpdateKey (decrement/increment) operation, regular Binary Heap & d-ary Heap outperforms other in theory superiors. Likely because it doesn't have pointer juggling overhead and hey arrays are faster!

Tree

• Tree (implementation | tests)
• Binary tree (implementation | tests)

Binary search trees

• Binary search tree (implementation | tests)
• AVL tree (implementation | tests)
• Red black tree (implementation | tests)
• Splay tree (implementation | tests)
• Treap tree (implementation | tests)

B trees (database trees)

• B-tree (implementation | tests)
• B+ tree (implementation | tests)

Queryable trees

• Segment tree (implementation | tests)
• Binary indexed tree (Fenwick tree) (implementation | tests)
• Multi-dimensional interval tree (implementation | tests) using nested red-black tree
• Multi-dimensional k-d tree (implementation | tests) for range and nearest neigbour queries
• Multi-dimensional range tree (implementation | tests) using nested red-black tree
• R-tree (implementation | tests)
• Quadtree (implementation | tests)

TODO: Support multi-dimentional segment tree & binary indexed tree.

Lookup trees

• Prefix tree (Trie) (implementation | tests)
• Suffix tree (implementation | tests)
• Ternary search tree (implementation | tests)

TODO: implement trie compression.

Set

• Disjoint set (implementation | tests)
• Sparse set (implementation | tests)
• Bloom filter (implementation | tests)

Graph

Adjacency list

• Graph (implementation | tests)
• Weighted Graph (implementation | tests)
• DiGraph (implementation | tests)
• Weighted DiGraph (implementation | tests)

Adjacency matrix

• Graph (implementation | tests)
• Weighted Graph (implementation | tests)
• DiGraph (implementation | tests)
• Weighted DiGraph (implementation | tests)

Algorithms

Graph algorithms

Articulation points

• Tarjan's articulation points finder (implementation | tests)

Bridges

• Tarjan's bridge finder (implementation | tests)

Connectivity

• Kosaraju's strongly connected component finder (implementation | tests)
• Tarjan's strongly connected component finder (implementation | tests)
• Tarjan's bi-connected graph tester (implementation | tests)

Coloring

• M-coloring (implementation | tests)

Cover

• Min vertex cover (implementation | tests)

Maximum flow

• Ford-Fulkerson algorithm (implementation | tests)
• Edmonds Karp's improvement (implementation | tests) on Ford-Fulkerson algorithm
• Push relabel algorithm (implementation | tests)

Shortest path

• Bellman-Ford algorithm (implementation | tests)
• Dijikstra's algorithm (implementation | tests) using Fibonacci heap.
• Floyd-Warshall algorithm (implementation | tests)
• Johnson's algorithm (implementation | tests)
• Travelling salesman path (implementation | tests)
• A* search algorithm (implementation | tests) using Fibonacci heap.

Matching

• Max bipartite matching (implementation | tests) using Edmonds Karp's improved Ford Fulkerson max flow algorithm
• Max bipartite matching (implementation | tests) using Hopcroft Karp algorithm

Cut

• Minimum cut (implementation | tests) using Edmonds Karp's improved Ford Fulkerson max flow algorithm

Cycle

• Cycle detection (implementation | tests)

Search

• Depth first (implementation | tests)
• Breadth first (implementation | tests)
• Bi-directional (implementation | tests)

Topological sort

• Depth first method (implementation | tests)
• Kahn's algorithm (implementation | tests)

Minimum spanning tree

• Kruskal's algorithm (implementation | tests) using merge sort and disjoint set
• Prim's algorithm (implementation | tests)

String

• Manacher's algorithm for linear time longest palindrome (implementation | tests)

Pattern matching

• Rabin-Karp string search (implementation | tests)
• Knuth–Morris–Pratt (KMP) string search (implementation | tests)
• Z algorithm for string search (implementation | tests)

Compression

• Huffman coding (implementation | tests)

Sorting and searching

• Binary search (implementation | tests)
• Quick select for kth smallest/largest in unordered collection using median of medians (implementation | tests)
• Majority element using Boyer-Moore voting algorithm (implementation | tests)

Sorting algorithms

• Bubble sort (implementation | tests)
• Insertion sort (implementation | tests)
• Selection sort (implementation | tests)
• Shell sort (implementation | tests)
• Tree sort (implementation | tests)
• Quick sort (implementation | tests)
• Heap sort (implementation | tests)
• Merge sort (implementation | tests)
• Bucket sort (implementation | tests)
• Radix sort (implementation | tests)
• Counting sort (implementation | tests)

Note: On a decent desktop, in given implementations here for +ive random input integers, the clear winner is counting sort (~0.1 seconds to sort 1 million integers) followed by Radix Sort (~0.4 seconds). Merge Sort, Heap Sort, Quick Sort & Bucket Sort are all winners for +ive & -ive random integer inputs. Tree sort has pointer juggling overhead on backing Red-Black Tree, so performs 8 times slower than Merge Sort in practice. Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Selection Sort & Shell Sort are among the worst for random input as observed from results.

Combinatorics

• Permutations (implementation | tests)
• Combinations (implementation | tests)
• Subsets (implementation | tests)

Distributed Systems

• Circular queue (ring buffer) (implementation | tests)
• Consistant hash (implementation | tests)
• LRU cache (implementation | tests)
• Asynchronous producer–consumer queue (implementation | tests)

Numerical methods

• Check primality (implementation | tests)
• Generate primes using sieve of Eratosthenes (implementation | tests)
• Fast exponentiation (implementation | tests)

Geometry (in 2D)

• Convex hull using gift wrapping algorithm (implementation | tests)
• Line intersection (implementation | tests)
• Closest point pair (implementation | tests)
• Check if given point inside polygon (implementation | tests)
• Rectangle intersection (implementation | tests)
• Point rotation (implementation | tests)
• Line interesections with Bentley-Ottmann sweep line algorithm using red-black tree and binary minimum heap (implementation | tests)

Bit manipulation

• Base conversion (implementation | tests)
• Calculate logarithm (base 2 & 10) (implementation | tests)
• GCD (implementation | tests)

Code quality