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Answer:
string is an alias in C# for System.String. So technically, there is no difference. It's like int vs. System.Int32.
As far as guidelines, it's generally recommended to use string any time you're referring to an object.
string place = "world";
Likewise, it's generally recommended to use String if you need to refer specifically to the class.
string greet = String.Format("Hello {0}!", place);
Source: blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
Answer: The .NET Standard is a formal specification of .NET APIs that are intended to be available on all .NET implementations.
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer: The .NET Core platform is a new .NET stack that is optimized for open source development and agile delivery on NuGet.
.NET Core has two major components. It includes a small runtime that is built from the same codebase as the .NET Framework CLR. The .NET Core runtime includes the same GC and JIT (RyuJIT), but doesn’t include features like Application Domains or Code Access Security. The runtime is delivered via NuGet, as part of the ASP.NET Core package.
.NET Core also includes the base class libraries. These libraries are largely the same code as the .NET Framework class libraries, but have been factored (removal of dependencies) to enable to ship a smaller set of libraries. These libraries are shipped as System.* NuGet packages on NuGet.org.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The .NET is a Framework, which is a collection of classes of reusable libraries given by Microsoft to be used in other .NET applications and to develop, build and deploy many types of applications on the Windows platform including the following:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
The SDK is all of the stuff that is needed/makes developing a .NET Core application easier, such as the CLI and a compiler.
The runtime is the "virtual machine" that hosts/runs the application and abstracts all the interaction with the base operating system.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Details: When would someone use one of these?
Answer: Precision is the main difference.
As for what to use when:
For values which are "naturally exact decimals" it's good to use decimal. This is usually suitable for any concepts invented by humans: financial values are the most obvious example, but there are others too. Consider the score given to divers or ice skaters, for example.
For values which are more artefacts of nature which can't really be measured exactly anyway, float/double are more appropriate. For example, scientific data would usually be represented in this form. Here, the original values won't be "decimally accurate" to start with, so it's not important for the expected results to maintain the "decimal accuracy". Floating binary point types are much faster to work with than decimals.
Source: blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
Answer:
Flexible deployment: Can be included in your app or installed side-by-side user- or machine-wide.
Cross-platform: Runs on Windows, macOS and Linux; can be ported to other OSes. The supported Operating Systems (OS), CPUs and application scenarios will grow over time, provided by Microsoft, other companies, and individuals.
Command-line tools: All product scenarios can be exercised at the command-line.
Compatible: .NET Core is compatible with .NET Framework, Xamarin and Mono, via the .NET Standard Library.
Open source: The .NET Core platform is open source, using MIT and Apache 2 licenses. Documentation is licensed under CC-BY. .NET Core is a .NET Foundation project.
Supported by Microsoft: .NET Core is supported by Microsoft, per .NET Core Support
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Use that rule of thumb:
Anything you've used P/Invoke calls to get outside of the nice comfy world of everything available to you in the .NET Framwork is unmanaged – and you're now responsible for cleaning it up.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The Common Type System (CTS) standardizes the data types of all programming languages using .NET under the umbrella of .NET to a common data type for easy and smooth communication among these .NET languages.
CTS is designed as a singly rooted object hierarchy with System.Object as the base type from which all other types are derived. CTS supports two different kinds of types:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: To be simple:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: When we compile our .NET code then it is not directly converted to native/binary code; it is first converted into intermediate code known as MSIL code which is then interpreted by the CLR. MSIL is independent of hardware and the operating system. Cross language relationships are possible since MSIL is the same for all .NET languages. MSIL is further converted into native code.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: It is an isolation layer provided by the .NET runtime. As such, App domains live with in a process (1 process can have many app domains) and have their own virtual address space.
App domains are useful because:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The CLR stands for Common Language Runtime and it is an Execution Environment. It works as a layer between Operating Systems and the applications written in .NET languages that conforms to the Common Language Specification (CLS). The main function of Common Language Runtime (CLR) is to convert the Managed Code into native code and then execute the program.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: CLR services
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
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Answer: ADO stands for Active Data Object and ADO.NET is a set of .NET libraries for ADO. NET is a collection of managed libraries used by .NET applications for data source communication using a driver or provider:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: In short:
The ADO.net architecture, in which connection must be kept open till the end to retrieve and access data from database is called as connected architecture. Connected architecture is built on the these types - connection, command, datareader
The ADO.net architecture, in which connection will be kept open only till the data retrieved from database, and later can be accessed even when connection to database is closed is called as disconnected architecture. Disconnected architecture of ADO.net is built on these types - connection, dataadapter, commandbuilder and dataset and dataview.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: A DataView enables you to create different views of the data stored in a DataTable, a capability that is often used in data binding applications. Using a DataView, you can expose the data in a table with different sort orders, and you can filter the data by row state or based on a filter expression. A DataView provides a dynamic view of data whose content, ordering, and membership reflect changes to the underlying DataTable as they occur. This is different from the Select method of the DataTable, which returns a DataRow array from a table per particular filter and/or sort order and whose content reflects changes to the underlying table, but whose membership and ordering remain static. The dynamic capabilities of the DataView make it ideal for data-binding applications.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: CommandBuilder helps you to generate update, delete, and insert commands on a single database table for a data adapter. Similar to other objects, each data provider has a command builder class. The OleDbCommandBuilder, SqlCommonBuilder, and OdbcCommandBuilder classes represent the CommonBuilder object in the OleDb, Sql, and ODBC data providers.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
A DataAdapter is used to retrieve data from a data source and populate tables within a DataSet. Data Adapters form the bridge between a data source and a dataset. The DataAdapter also resolves changes made to the DataSet back to the data source. The DataAdapter uses the Connection object of the .NET Framework data provider to connect to a data source, and it uses Command objects to retrieve data from and resolve changes to the data source.
A DataAdapter supports mainly the following two methods:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: ADO.NET Entity Framework is an ORM (object-relational mapping) which creates a higher abstract object model over ADO.NET components. ADO.NET is a layer closer to the database (datatables, datasets and etc...). The main and the only benefit of EF is it auto-generates code for the Model (middle layer), Data Access Layer, and mapping code, thus reducing a lot of development time. Consider the following example:
ADO.NET:
DataTable table = adoDs.Tables[0];
for (int j = 0; j < table.Rows.Count; j++)
{
DataRow row = table.Rows[j];
// Get the values of the fields
string CustomerName =
(string)row["Customername"];
string CustomerCode =
(string)row["CustomerCode"];
}
EF:
foreach (Customer objCust in obj.Customers)
{}
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: ADO.NET uses a technique called connection pooling, which minimizes the cost of repeatedly opening and closing connections. Connection pooling reuses existing active connections with the same connection string instead of creating new connections when a request is made to the database. It involves the use of a connection manager that is responsible for maintaining a list, or pool, of available connections for a given connection string. Several pools exist if different connection strings ask for connection pooling.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: The SqlCommand carries the SQL statement that needs to be executed on the database. SqlCommand carries the command in the CommandText property and this property will be used when the SqlCommand calls any of its execute methods.
The three important methods exposed by the SqlCommand object is shown below:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: ADO.NET components categorized in three modes:
The disconnected components build the basic ADO.NET architecture. You can use these components (or classes) with or without data providers. For example, you can use a DataTable object with or without providers and shared or common components are the base classes for data providers. Shared or common components are the base classes for data providers and shared by all data providers. The data provider components are specifically designed to work with different kinds of data sources. For example, ODBC data providers work with ODBC data sources and OleDb data providers work with OLE-DB data sources.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
A DataSet object falls in disconnected components series. The DataSet consists of a collection of tables, rows, columns and relationships.
DataSet contains a collection of DataTables and the DataTable contains a collection of DataRows, DataRelations, and DataColumns. A DataTable maps to a table in the database.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: The DataRelation is a class of disconnected architecture in the .NET framework. It is found in the System.Data namespace. It represents a relationship between database tables and correlates tables on the basis of matching column.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
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Answer: Viewdata contains the key, value pairs as dictionary and this is derived from class — “ViewDataDictionary“. In action method we are setting the value for viewdata and in view the value will be fetched by typecasting.
Source: medium.com
Answer: It is a framework developed by Microsoft on which we can develop new generation web sites using web forms(aspx), MVC, HTML, Javascript, CSS etc. Its successor of Microsoft Active Server Pages(ASP). Currently there is ASP.NET 4.0, which is used to develop web sites. There are various page extensions provided by Microsoft that are being used for web site development. Eg: aspx, asmx, ascx, ashx, cs, vb, html, XML etc.
Source: guru99.com
Answer: Logging is built-in and you get access to structured logs from the ASP.NET Core host itself to your application. With tools like Serilog, you can extend your logging easily and save your logs to file, Azure, Amazon or any other output provider. You can configure verbosity and log levels via configuration (appsettings.json by default), and you can configure log levels by different categories.
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: Everything starts from Program.cs
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
BuildWebHost(args).Run();
}
public static IWebHost BuildWebHost(string[] args) =>
WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
.UseStartup<Startup>()
.Build();
CreateDefaultBuilder extension method will create a default configuration which will look first into appsettings.json files then will look for Environment variables and at the end, it will use command line arguments.
This part will also set up default logger sources (debug and console) and load the settings for logging from appsettings.json.
After the CreateDefaultBuilder finishes, then Startup class is executed. First, the constructor code is executed. After that, services are added to DI container via AddServices method that lives in Startup class. After that, an order of middleware that will handle every incoming request is set up.
Source: codingblast.com
Answer: Application pools allow you to isolate your applications from one another, even if they are running on the same server. This way, if there is an error in one app, it won't take down other applications.
Additionally, applications pools allow you to separate different apps which require different levels of security.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: ** **Using the Attributes property of server side control.
e.g.
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","JavascriptCode();")
Source: guru99.com
Answer: We can write formatted output using Response.Output.Write().
Source: guru99.com
Answer: Another crucial part of ASP.NET Core Framework is Configuration. Also, it is part of Dependency Injection. Use it anywhere in your code with an option to reload on changes of configuration values from sources (appsettings.json, environment variables, command line arguments, etc.). It is also easy to override, extend and customize the Configuration. No more extensive configurations in web.config, the preferred way now is appsettings.json in combination with a mix of Environment variables and cmd-line args.
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: ASP.NET Core is a brand new cross-platform web framework built with .NET Core framework. It is not an update to existing ASP.NET framework. It is a complete rewrite of the ASP.NET framework. It works with both .NET Core and .NET Framework.
Main characterestics of ASP.NET Core:
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: ASP.NET, at its most basic level, provides a means for you to provide general HTML markup combined with server side "controls" within the event-driven programming model that can be leveraged with VB, C#, and so on. You define the page(s) of a site, drop in the controls, and provide the programmatic plumbing to make it all work.
ASP.NET MVC is an application framework based on the Model-View-Controller architectural pattern. This is what might be considered a "canned" framework for a specific way of implementing a web site, with a page acting as the "controller" and dispatching requests to the appropriate pages in the application. The idea is to "partition" the various elements of the application, eg business rules, presentation rules, and so on.
Think of the former as the "blank slate" for implementing a site architecture you've designed more or less from the ground up. MVC provides a mechanism for designing a site around a pre-determined "pattern" of application access, if that makes sense. There's more technical detail to it than that, to be sure, but that's the nickel tour for the purposes of the question.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: View State is the method to preserve the Value of the Page and Controls between round trips. It is a Page-Level State Management technique. View State is turned on by default and normally serializes the data in every control on the page regardless of whether it is actually used during a post-back.
A web application is stateless. That means that a new instance of a page is created every time when we make a request to the server to get the page and after the round trip our page has been lost immediately
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: Yes. This might surprise many, but ASP.NET Core works with .NET framework and this is officially supported by Microsoft.
ASP.NET Core works with:
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: Client-side validation is the best way to validate data of a web page. It reduces the network traffic and saves server resources.
Source: guru99.com
Answer: A postback originates from the client browser. Usually one of the controls on the page will be manipulated by the user (a button clicked or dropdown changed, etc), and this control will initiate a postback. The state of this control, plus all other controls on the page (known as the View State) is Posted Back to the web server.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
Web services have file extension .asmx.
Source: guru99.com
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Answer: Layout pages are similar to master pages in traditional web forms. This is used to set the common look across multiple pages. In each child page we can find —
@{
Layout = “~/Views/Shared/TestLayout1.cshtml”;
}
This indicates child page uses TestLayout page as it’s master page.
Source: medium.com
Answer: “BundleConfig.cs” in MVC4 is used to register the bundles by the bundling and minification system. Many bundles are added by default including jQuery libraries like — jquery.validate, Modernizr, and default CSS references.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Razor is the first major update to render HTML in MVC 3. Razor was designed specifically for view engine syntax. Main focus of this would be to simplify and code-focused templating for HTML generation. Below is the sample of using Razor:
@model MvcMusicStore.Models.Customer
@{ViewBag.Title = “Get Customers”;}
<div class=”cust”> <h3><em>@Model.CustomerName</em> </h3>
Source: medium.com
Answer: ViewModel is a plain class with properties, which is used to bind it to strongly typed view. ViewModel can have the validation rules defined for its properties using data annotations.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Routing is a pattern matching mechanism of incoming requests to the URL patterns which are registered in route table. Class — “UrlRoutingModule” is used for the same process.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Actions are the methods in Controller class which is responsible for returning the view or json data. Action will mainly have return type — “ActionResult” and it will be invoked from method — “InvokeAction()” called by controller.
Source: medium.com
Answer:
Source: medium.com
Answer: Scaffolding in ASP.NET MVC is used to generate the Controllers, Model and Views for create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) functionality in an application. The scaffolding will be knowing the naming conventions used for models and controllers and views.
Source: medium.com
Answer:
Source: medium.com
Answer: Razor Pages is a new feature of ASP.NET Core that makes coding page-focused scenarios easier and more productive.
With Razor Pages, you have this one Razor file (.cshtml), and the code for a single page lives inside of that file, and that file also represents the URL structure of the app. Therefore, you got everything inside of one file, and it just works.
However, you can separate your code to the code behind file with .cshtml.cs extension. You would usually have your view model and handlers (like action methods in MVC) in that file and handle the logic there. Of course, you could also have your view model moved to separate place.
Since Razor Pages is part of the MVC stack, you can use anything that comes with MVC inside of our Razor Pages.
Source: codingblast.com
Answer: Section are the part of HTML which is to be rendered in layout page. In Layout page we will use the below syntax for rendering the HTML –
@RenderSection(“TestSection”)
And in child pages we are defining these sections as shown below –
@section TestSection{
<h1>Test Content</h1>
}
Source: medium.com
Answer: In MVC all public methods have been treated as Actions. So if you are creating a method and if you do not want to use it as an action method then the method has to be decorated with "NonAction" attribute as shown below:
[NonAction]
public void TestMethod()
{
// Method logic
}
Source: stackoverflow.com
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Answer: ASP.NET Web API is a framework that simplifies building HTTP services for broader range of clients (including browsers as well as mobile devices) on top of .NET Framework.
Using ASP.NET Web API, we can create non-SOAP based services like plain XML or JSON strings, etc. with many other advantages including:
Source: codeproject.com
Answer: 500 – Internal Server Error
Consider:
[Route("CheckId/{id}")]
[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult CheckId(int id)
{
if(id > 100)
{
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
}
return Ok(id);
}
And the result:
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer: Using ASP.NET Web API has a number of advantages, but core of the advantages are:
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc. for all CRUD operationsMediaTypeFormatterSource: codeproject.com
Answer: More new features introduced in ASP.NET Web API framework v2.0 are as follows:
IHttpActionResultSource: codeproject.com
Answer: OAuth (Open Authorization) is an open standard for access granting/deligation protocol. It used as a way for Internet users to grant websites or applications access to their information on other websites but without giving them the passwords. It does not deal with authentication.
Basically there are three parties involved: oAuth Provider, oAuth Client and Owner.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
HttpResponseMessage works with HTTP protocol to return the data with status/error.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
Consider:
public class TweetsController : Controller {
// GET: /Tweets/
[HttpGet]
public ActionResult Index() {
return Json(Twitter.GetTweets(), JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
}
}
or
public class TweetsController : ApiController {
// GET: /Api/Tweets/
public List<Tweet> Get() {
return Twitter.GetTweets();
}
}
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: A Web API controller action can return following values:
Source: career.guru99.com
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Answer: AWS stands for Amazon Web Services and is a platform that provides database storage, secure cloud services, offering to compute power, content delivery, and many other services to develop business levels.
Source: onlineinterviewquestions.com
Answer:
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: An Amazon S3 bucket is a public cloud storage resource available in Amazon Web Services' (AWS) Simple Storage Service (S3), an object storage offering. Amazon S3 buckets, which are similar to file folders, store objects, which consist of data and its descriptive metadata.
By default, you can create up to 100 buckets in each of your AWS accounts. If you need more buckets, you can increase your bucket limit by submitting a service limit increase.
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) offered by Amazon Web Services. Content delivery networks provide a globally-distributed network of proxy servers which cache content, such as web videos or other bulky media, more locally to consumers, thus improving access speed for downloading the content.
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Answer: AMI stands for the term Amazon Machine Image. It’s an AWS template which provides the information (an application server, and operating system, and applications) required to perform the launch of an instance. This AMI is the copy of the AMI that is running in the cloud as a virtual server. You can launch instances from as many different AMIs as you need. AMI consists of the followings:
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Use scp:
scp -i ec2key.pem username@ec2ip:/path/to/file .
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: You can make an AMI of an existing instance, and then launch other instances using that AMI.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: AWS Data Pipeline is a web service that you can use to automate the movement and transformation of data. With AWS Data Pipeline, you can define data-driven workflows, so that tasks can be dependent on the successful completion of previous tasks.
Source: docs.aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon EC2 services have following features:
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Many different types of instances can be launched from one AMI. The type of an instance generally regulates the hardware components of the host computer that is used for the instance. Each type of instance has distinct computing and memory efficacy.
Once an instance is launched, it casts as host and the user interaction with it is same as with any other computer but we have a completely controlled access to our instances. AWS developer interview questions may contain one or more AMI based questions, so prepare yourself for the AMI topic very well.
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Yes, buckets exist in a specific region and you need to specify that region when you create a bucket. Amazon S3 creates bucket in a region you specify. You can choose any AWS region that is geographically close to you to optimize latency, minimize costs, or address regulatory requirements.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: AWS Direct Connect bypasses the public Internet and establishes a secure, dedicated connection from your infrastructure into AWS. With established connectivity via AWS Direct Connect, you can access your Amazon VPC and all AWS services.
Source: coresite.com
Answer: Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) provides persistent block storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances in the AWS Cloud. Each Amazon EBS volume is automatically replicated within its Availability Zone to protect you from component failure, offering high availability and durability.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that runs your code in response to events and automatically manages the underlying compute resources for you. You can use AWS Lambda to extend other AWS services with custom logic, or create your own back-end services that operate at AWS scale, performance, and security.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability. With DynamoDB, you can create database tables that can store and retrieve any amount of data, and serve any level of request traffic.
Source: docs.aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon Elastic MapReduce (EMR) is an Amazon Web Services (AWS) tool for big data processing and analysis. Amazon EMR offers the expandable low-configuration service as an easier alternative to running in-house cluster computing.
Amazon EMR is based on Apache Hadoop, a Java-based programming framework that supports the processing of large data sets in a distributed computing environment. MapReduce is a software framework that allows developers to write programs that process massive amounts of unstructured data in parallel across a distributed cluster of processors or stand-alone computers.
Source: searchaws.techtarget.com
Answer: By default data on S3 is not encrypted, but all you could enable server-side encryption in your object metadata when you upload your data to Amazon S3. As soon as your data reaches S3, it is encrypted and stored.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: No. After you create a volume, you can attach it to any EC2 instance in the same Availability Zone. An EBS volume can be attached to only one EC2 instance at a time, but multiple volumes can be attached to a single instance.
Source: docs.aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon API Gateway is an AWS service that enables developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale. You can create APIs that access AWS or other web services, as well as data stored in the AWS Cloud.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: Using AWS Direct Connect, you can establish private connectivity between AWS and your datacenter, office, or colocation environment, which in many cases can reduce your network costs, increase bandwidth throughput, and provide a more consistent network experience than Internet-based connections.
Source: aws.amazon.com
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Answer: ASP.NET MVC is a web application Framework. It is light weight and highly testable Framework. MVC separates application into three components — Model, View and Controller.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Scrum is one of the most popular frameworks for implementing Agile. Many people think scrum and agile are the same thing but they're not.
With scrum, the product is built in a series of fixed-length iterations called sprints that give teams a framework for shipping software on a regular cadence.
Source: atlassian.com
Answer: In the Scrum methodology a sprint is the basic unit of development. Scrum sprints correspond to Agile iterations.
Each sprint starts with
A Sprint ends with
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Three essential roles for scrum success are:
Source: atlassian.com
Answer: User stories are features customers might want to see in their software. They are written on index cards to encourage face-to-face communication. Typically no more than a couple days work, they form the basis of our Agile plans.
Answer: Epic: A customer described software feature that is itemized in the product backlog is known as epic. Epics are sub-divided into stories.
User Stories: From the client perspective user stories are prepared which defines project or business functions, and it is delivered in a particular sprint as expected.
Task: Further down user stories are broken down into different task
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: To improve the performance, the existing code is modified; this is re-factoring. During re-factoring the code functionality remains same.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: An Agile iteration is a short one to two week period where a team takes most important user stories, builds them completely and deliver as running-tested-software to the customer. Analysis, design, coding, testing happen during an iteration.
Answer: Scrum calls for four ceremonies that bring structure to each sprint:
Source: atlassian.com
Answer: If a timebox plan needs to be reprioritized it should include whole team, product owner, and developers.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer:
Product backlog: It contains a list of all desired features and is owned by the product owner
Sprint backlog: It is a subset of the product backlog owned by development team and commits to deliver it in a sprint. It is created in Sprint Planning Meeting
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: Agile is a time boxed, iterative approach (framework) to software delivery that builds software incrementally from the start of the project, instead of trying to deliver it all at once near the end.
It works by breaking projects down into little bits of user functionality called user stories, prioritizing them, and then continuously delivering them in short two week cycles called iterations.
Agile refers to any process that aligns with the concepts of the Agile Manifesto.
Source: agilemanifesto.org
Answer: To track the project progress burnup and burn down, charts are used
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: The work to be performed in the Sprint is planned at the Sprint Planning. This plan is created by the collaborative work of the entire Scrum Team.
Sprint Planning answers the following:
The Sprint Goal is an objective set for the Sprint that can be met through the implementation of Product Backlog.
Source: scrum.org
Answer:
The Product Backlog is an ordered list of everything that is known to be needed in the product. It is the single source of requirements for any changes to be made to the product.
The Sprint Backlog is the set of Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint during the Sprint Planning, plus a plan for delivering the product Increment and realizing the Sprint Goal.
Source: scrum.org
Answer: It is used to discuss the difficulty of the story without assigning actual hours. The most common scale used is a Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8,1 3,….100) although some teams use linear scale (1, 2, 3, 4….), Powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8……) and cloth size (XS, S ,M, L, XL)
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer:
Answer: In Scrum the task board is a visual display of the progress of the Scrum team during a sprint. It presents a snapshot of the current sprint backlog allowing everyone to see which tasks remain to be started, which are in progress and which are done.
Consider the following layout of the task board:
Source: manifesto.co.uk
Answer: A product roadmap is referred for the holistic view of product features that create the product vision.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: Velocity is a metric that is calculated by addition of all efforts estimates related with user stories completed in an iteration. It figures out how much work Agile can complete in a sprint and how much time will it need to finish a project.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: The burn-down chart shows the remaining work to complete before the timebox (iteration) ends.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: Test driven development (TDD) is also known as test-driven design. In this method, developer first writes an automated test case which describes new function or improvement and then creates small codes to pass that test, and later re-factors the new code to meet the acceptable standards.
Source: career.guru99.com
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Answer:
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: A Spannable allows to attach formatting information like bold, italic, ... to sub-sequences ("spans", thus the name) of the characters. It can be used whenever you want to represent "rich text".
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: An activity provides the window in which the app draws its UI. This window typically fills the screen, but may be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows. Generally, one activity implements one screen in an app. For instance, one of an app’s activities may implement a Preferences screen, while another activity implements a Select Photo screen.
Source: github.com
Answer: There are 3 CPU architectures in Android:
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer: As a user navigates through, out of, and back to your app, the Activity instances in your app transition through different states in their lifecycle.
To navigate transitions between stages of the activity lifecycle, the Activity class provides a core set of six callbacks: onCreate(), onStart(), onResume(), onPause(), onStop(), and onDestroy(). The system invokes each of these callbacks as an activity enters a new state.
Source: developer.android.com
Answer:
You can use getActivity(), which returns the activity associated with a fragment. The activity is a context (since Activity extends Context).
You can also override the onAttach method of fragment:
public static class DummySectionFragment extends Fragment{
...
@Override
public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
super.onAttach(activity);
DBHelper = new DatabaseHelper(activity);
}
}
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
View: View objects are the basic building blocks of User Interface(UI) elements in Android. View is a simple rectangle box which responds to the user’s actions. Examples are EditText, Button, CheckBox etc. View refers to the android.view.View class, which is the base class of all UI classes.
ViewGroup: ViewGroup is the invisible container. It holds View and ViewGroup. For example, LinearLayout is the ViewGroup that contains Button(View), and other Layouts also. ViewGroup is the base class for Layouts.
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer: In Android you don't have MVC, but you have the following:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
onCreate() method is called once during the Activity lifecycle, either when the application starts, or when the Activity has been destroyed and then recreated, for example during a configuration change.onStart() method is called whenever the Activity becomes visible to the user, typically after onCreate() or onRestart().Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer:
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer: An Intent is basically a message that is passed between components (such as Activities, Services, Broadcast Receivers, and Content Providers).So, it is almost equivalent to parameters passed to API calls. The fundamental differences between API calls and invoking components via intents are:
To listen for an broadcast intent (like the phone ringing, or an SMS is received), you implement a broadcast receiver, which will be passed the intent. To declare that you can handle another's app intent like "take picture", you declare an intent filter in your app's manifest file.
If you want to fire off an intent to do something, like pop up the dialer, you fire off an intent saying you will.
An Intent provides a facility for performing late runtime binding between the code in different applications.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: In general SharedPreferences are your best bet for storing preferences, so in general I'd recommend that approach for saving application and user settings.
The only area of concern here is what you're saving. Passwords are always a tricky thing to store, and I'd be particularly wary of storing them as clear text. The Android architecture is such that your application's SharedPreferences are sandboxed to prevent other applications from being able to access the values so there's some security there, but physical access to a phone could potentially allow access to the values.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: RecyclerView was created as a ListView improvement, so yes, you can create an attached list with ListView control, but using RecyclerView is easier as it:
To conclude, RecyclerView is a more flexible control for handling "list data" that follows patterns of delegation of concerns and leaves for itself only one task - recycling items.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: App components are the essential building blocks of an Android app. Each component is an entry point through which the system or a user can enter your app.
There are four different types of app components:
Source: developer.android.com
Answer: The documentation itself provides a rather straightforward explanation: The Context class is an “Interface to global information about an application environment".
We may assume a Context is a handle to the system; it provides services like resolving resources, obtaining access to databases and preferences, and so on. An Android app has activities. Context is like a handle to the environment your application is currently running in. The activity object inherits the Context object.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is an android virtual machine optimized for mobile devices. It optimizes the virtual machine for memory, battery life and performance.
The Dex compiler converts the class files into the .dex file that run on the Dalvik VM. Multiple class files are converted into one dex file.
Source: www.javatpoint.com
Answer: ConstraintLayout allows you to create large and complex layouts with a flat view hierarchy (no nested view groups). It's similar to RelativeLayout in that all views are laid out according to relationships between sibling views and the parent layout, but it's more flexible than RelativeLayout and easier to use with Android Studio's Layout Editor.
Intention of ConstraintLayout is to optimize and flatten the view hierarchy of your layouts by applying some rules to each view to avoid nesting.
Source: developer.android.com
Answer: ADB is the acronym for Android Debug Bridge, which is part of the Android SDK (Software Development Kit). It uses a client-server-model (i.e. adbd, the ADB daemon, is running on the device and can be connected to), and in most cases is used via an USB connection. It is also possible to use it via WiFi (wireless adb).
There's nothing you need to install on your Android device, as the ADB daemon (adbd) is already integrated into the Android OS. It is usually accessed via a command line interface from the PC, where either the full Android SDK is installed (several 30 MB download archive currently), or a massively stripped-down version for "non-developers", sometimes referred to as "Mini ADB" or "ADB essentials" (for Linux, this is only the adb executable; for Windows it's adb.exe plus two or three .dll files).
Source: developer.android.com
Answer: Dalvik is a Just In Time (JIT) compiler. By the term JIT, we mean to say that whenever you run your app in your mobile device then that part of your code that is needed for execution of your app will only be compiled at that moment and rest of the code will be compiled in the future when needed. The JIT or Just In Time compiles only a part of your code and it has a smaller memory footprint and due to this, it uses very less physical space on your device.
Source: blog.mindorks.com
Answer: The are mainly two types of context:
Application Context: It is an instance that is the singleton and can be accessed in activity via getApplicationContext(). This context is tied to the lifecycle of an application. The application context can be used where you need a context whose lifecycle is separate from the current context or when you are passing a context beyond the scope of activity.
Activity Context: This context is tied to the lifecycle of an activity. The activity context should be used when you are passing the context in the scope of an activity or you need the context whose lifecycle is attached to the current context.
Source: blog.mindorks.com
Details: I have a scenario where, after logging in through a login page, there will be a sign-out button on each activity. Can you guide me on how to keep session id available to all activities?
Answer: The easiest way to do this would be to pass the session id to the signout activity in the Intent you're using to start the activity:
Intent intent = new Intent(getBaseContext(), SignoutActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("EXTRA_SESSION_ID", sessionId);
startActivity(intent);
Access that intent on next activity:
String sessionId = getIntent().getStringExtra("EXTRA_SESSION_ID");
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Out of memory error is very common error when you are developing for a application that deals with multiple images sets or large bitmaps or some Animation stuff. In Android, every application runs in a Linux Process. Each Linux Process has a Virtual Machine (Dalvik Virtual Machine) running inside it. There is a limit on the memory a process can demand and it is different for different devices and also differs for phones and tablets. When some process demands a higher memory than its limit it causes a error i.e Out of memory error.
There are number of reasons why we get a Out of memory errors. Some of those are:
You are doing some operation that continuously demands a lot of memory and at some point it goes beyond the max heap memory limit of a process.
You are leaking some memory i.e you didn’t make the previous objects you allocated eligible for Garbage Collection (GC). This is called Memory leak.
You are dealing with large bitmaps and loading all of them at run time. You have to deal very carefully with large bitmaps by loading the size that you need not the whole bitmap at once and then do scaling.
Source: blogs.innovationm.com
Answer: A content provider manages access to a central repository of data. A provider is part of an Android application, which often provides its own UI for working with the data. However, content providers are primarily intended to be used by other applications, which access the provider using a provider client object.
Typically you work with content providers in one of two scenarios;
Source: developer.android.com
Answer:
AsyncTask is one of the easiest ways to implement parallelism in Android without having to deal with more complex methods like Threads. Though it offers a basic level of parallelism with the UI thread, it should not be used for longer operations (of, say, not more than 2 seconds).
AsyncTask has four methods
onPreExecute()doInBackground()onProgressUpdate()onPostExecute()where doInBackground() is the most important as it is where background computations are performed.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: In short, Fragments need to have a no-args constructor for the Android system to instantiate them. Your Fragment subclasses need a public empty constructor as this is what's being called by the framework.
It is used in the case when device has to restore the state of a fragment. No data will be passed and a default fragment will be created and then the state will be restored. Since the system has no way to know what you passed in your constructor or your newInstance, default constructor will be used and saved bundle should be passed via onCreate after the fragment is actually instantiated with the default constructor.
Source: www.quora.com
Answer: There are basically four different ways to store data in an Android app:
Source: www.androidauthority.com
Answer: A notification is a message that Android displays outside your app's UI to provide the user with reminders, communication from other people, or other timely information from your app. Users can tap the notification to open your app or take an action directly from the notification.
Notifications appear to users in different locations and formats, such as an icon in the status bar, a more detailed entry in the notification drawer, as a badge on the app's icon, and on paired wearables automatically. Beginning with Android 5.0, notifications can appear on the lock screen.
Starting in Android 8.0 (API level 26), all notifications must be assigned to a channel or it will not appear. By categorizing notifications into channels, users can disable specific notification channels for your app (instead of disabling all your notifications), and users can control the visual and auditory options for each channel—all from the Android system settings.
Source: developer.android.com
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Answer: Angular’s route guards are interfaces which can tell the router whether or not it should allow navigation to a requested route. They make this decision by looking for a true or false return value from a class which implements the given guard interface.
Source: medium.com
Answer: An Angular module is set of Angular basic building blocks like component, directives, services etc. An app can have more than one module.
A module can be created using @NgModule decorator.
@NgModule({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations. You can write your own custom pipes. Angular comes with a stock of pipes such as DatePipe, UpperCasePipe, LowerCasePipe, CurrencyPipe, and PercentPipe.
Consider:
<p>The hero's birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>
In this page, you'll use pipes to transform a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date.
Source: angular.io
Answer:
The absolute minimal configuration for a @Component in Angular is a template. Both template properties are set to optional because you have to define either template or templateUrl.
When you don't define them, you will get an exception like this:
No template specified for component 'ComponentName'
A selector property is not required, as you can also use your components in a route.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Components control views (html). They also communicate with other components and services to bring functionality to your app.
Modules consist of one or more components. They do not control any html. Your modules declare which components can be used by components belonging to other modules, which classes will be injected by the dependency injector and which component gets bootstrapped. Modules allow you to manage your components to bring modularity to your app.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The Angular CLI downloads and install everything you need to test an Angular application with the Jasmine test framework.
The project you create with the CLI is immediately ready to test. Just run this one CLI command:
ng test
Source: angular.io
Answer: Angular services are singleton objects which get instantiated only once during the lifetime of an application. They contain methods that maintain data throughout the life of an application, i.e. data does not get refreshed and is available all the time. The main objective of a service is to organize and share business logic, models, or data and functions with different components of an Angular application.
The separation of concerns is the main reason why Angular services came into existence. An Angular service is a stateless object and provides some very useful functions.
Source: dzone.com
Answer: Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding component property. Let's take an example,
<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>
In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is commonly known as AppModule. The default structure of AppModule generated by AngularCLI would be as follows,
/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */
@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer:
Just bind to the hidden property
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages between publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for event handling, asynchronous programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you define a function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a consumer subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives notifications until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to rely on a popular Observable library called RxJS. The observables are created using new keyword. Let see the simple example of observable,
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
const observable = new Observable(observer => {
setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});`
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: Components are the most basic building block of an UI in an Angular application. An Angular application is a tree of Angular components. Angular components are a subset of directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template and only one component can be instantiated per an element in a template.
A component must belong to an NgModule in order for it to be usable by another component or application. To specify that a component is a member of an NgModule, you should list it in the declarations field of that NgModule.
@Component({selector: 'greet', template: 'Hello {{name}}!'})
class Greet {
name: string = 'World';
}
Source: angular.io
Answer: Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by an Observable. It has below structure,
interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}
A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable as below,
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores notifications of that type.
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in the tag inorder to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the application root then you can set the href value as below
<base href="/">
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: The correct syntax is the following:
<div [innerHTML]="theHtmlString"></div>
Working in 5.2.6
Source: medium.com
Answer:
Structural directives are used to alter the DOM layout by removing and adding DOM elements. It is far better in changing the structure of the view. Examples of Structural directives are NgFor and Nglf.
Attribute Directives These are being used as characteristics of elements. For example, a directive such as built-in NgStyle in the template Syntax guide is an attribute directive.
Source: onlineinterviewquestions.com
Answer: You can get a handle to the DOM element via ElementRef by injecting it into your component's constructor:
constructor(myElement: ElementRef) { ... }
Source: medium.com
Answer: Just bind to the hidden property:
[hidden]="!myVar"
Source: medium.com
Answer:
*ngIf effectively removes its content from the DOM while [hidden] modifies the display property and only instructs the browser to not show the content but the DOM still contains it.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Angular and AngularJS is basically a different framework with the same name.
Angular is more ready for the current state of web standards and the future state of the web (ES6\7, immutiablity, components, shadow DOM, service workers, mobile compatibilty, modules, typescript and so on and so on... )
Angular killed many main features in AngularJS like - controllers, $scope, directives (replaced with @component annotations), the module definition, and much more, even simple things like ng-repeat has not left the same as it was.
Also:
cli.Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Just to name a few:
Source: github.com/WebPredict
Answer:
Write a component when you want to create a reusable set of DOM elements of UI with custom behaviour. Write a directive when you want to write reusable behaviour to supplement existing DOM elements.
Source: medium.com
Answer: The Angular router ships with a feature called guards. These provide us with ways to control the flow of our application. We can stop a user from visitng certain routes, stop a user from leaving routes, and more. The overall process for protecting Angular routes:
ng g guard authcanActivate() or canActivateChild() methods// import the newly created AuthGuard
const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'account',
canActivate: [AuthGuard]
}
];
Some other available guards:
CanActivate: Check if a user has accessCanActivateChild: Check if a user has access to any of the child routesCanDeactivate: Can a user leave a page? For example, they haven't finished editing a postResolve: Grab data before the route is instantiatedCanLoad: Check to see if we can load the routes assetsSource: scotch.io
Details:
@HostBinding('[class.valid]') isValid;
Answer:
@HostBinding lets you set properties on the element or component that hosts the directive.
The code applies the css class valid to whatever is using this directive conditionally based on the value of isValid.
Source: alligator.io
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Answer: There are following reasons to choose AngularJS as a web development framework:
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
ng-show/ng-hide will always insert the DOM element, but will display/hide it based on the condition. ng-if will not insert the DOM element until the condition is not fulfilled.
ng-if is better when we needed the DOM to be loaded conditionally, as it will help load page bit faster compared to ng-show/ng-hide.
We only need to keep in mind what the difference between these directives is, so deciding which one to use totally depends on the task requirements.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: AngularJS has no dependency on jQuery library. But it can be used with jQuery library.
Source: _ github.com/krosti_
Answer:
This can be done by using the ng-hide directive in conjunction with a controller to hide an HTML element on button click.
<div ng-controller="MyCtrl">
<button ng-click="hide()">Hide element</button>
<p ng-hide="isHide">Hello World!</p>
</div>
function MyCtrl($scope) {
$scope.isHide = false;
$scope.hide = function () {
$scope.isHide = true;
};
}
Source: codementor.io
Answer: Is a great pattern that restricts the use of a class more than once. We can find singleton pattern in angular in dependency injection and in the services.
In a sense, if the you do 2 times new Object() without this pattern, the you will be alocating 2 pieces of memory for the same object. With singleton pattern, if the object exists, it'll be reused.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: The features of AngularJS are listed below:
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: A module might have dependencies on other modules. The dependent modules are loaded by angular before the requiring module is loaded.
In other words the configuration blocks of the dependent modules execute before the configuration blocks of the requiring module. The same is true for the run blocks. Each module can only be loaded once, even if multiple other modules require it.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
To prevent accidental name collisions with your code, Angular prefixes names of public objects with $ and names of private objects with $$. So, do not use the $ or $$ prefix in your code.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
Filters are used to format data before displaying it to the user. They can be used in view templates, controllers, services and directives. There are some built-in filters provided by AngularJS like as Currency, Date, Number, OrderBy, Lowercase, Uppercase etc. You can also create your own filters.
Filter Syntax:
{{ expression | filter}}
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: AngularJS directives are a combination of AngularJS template markups (HTML attributes or elements, or CSS classes) and supporting JavaScript code. The JavaScript directive code defines the template data and behaviors of the HTML elements.
AngularJS directives are used to extend the HTML vocabulary i.e. they decorate html elements with new behaviors and help to manipulate html elements attributes in interesting way.
There are some built-in directives provided by AngularJS like as ng-app, ng-controller, ng-repeat, ng-model etc.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: Directives are markers on a DOM element (such as an attribute, element name, comment or CSS class) that tell AngularJS’s HTML compiler ($compile) to attach a specified behavior to that DOM element (e.g. via event listeners), or even to transform the DOM element and its children.
Angular comes with a set of these directives built-in, like ngBind, ngModel, and ngClass. Much like you create controllers and services, you can create your own directives for Angular to use. When Angular bootstraps your application, the HTML compiler traverses the DOM matching directives against the DOM elements.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: Scope is an object that refers to the application model. It is an execution context for expressions. Scopes are arranged in hierarchical structure which mimic the DOM structure of the application. Scopes can watch expressions and propagate events. Scopes are objects that refer to the model. They act as glue between controller and view.
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
The ngIf Directive, when applied to an element, will remove that element from the DOM if it’s condition is false.
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
Angular initializes automatically upon DOMContentLoaded event or when the angular.js script is downloaded to the browser and the document.readyState is set to complete. At this point AngularJS looks for the ng-app directive which is the root of angular app compilation and tells about AngularJS part within DOM. When the ng-app directive is found then Angular will:
<html>
<body ng-app="myApp">
<div ng-controller="Ctrl"> Hello {{msg}}!
</div>
<script src="lib/angular.js"></script>
<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []); app.controller('Ctrl', function ($scope) {
$scope.msg = 'World';
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
By using “::” in front of it.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: Scope is a JavaScript object that refers to the application model. It acts as a context for evaluating angular expressions. Basically, it acts as glue between controller and view.
Scopes are hierarchical in nature and follow the DOM structure of your AngularJS app. AngularJS has two scope objects: $rootScope and $scope.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
We can use the ng-disabled directive and bind its condition to the checkbox’s state.
<body ng-app>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" />Disable Button
</label>
<button ng-disabled="checked">Select me</button>
</body>
Source: codementor.io
Answer: The $scope object used by views in AngularJS are organized into a hierarchy. There is a root scope, and the $rootScope can has one or more child scopes. Each controller has its own $scope (which is a child of the $rootScope), so whatever variables you create on $scope within controller, these variables are accessible by the view based on this controller.
For example, suppose you have two controllers: ParentController and ChildController as given below:
<html>
<head>
<script src="lib/angular.js"></script>
<script>
var app = angular.module('ScopeChain', []); app.controller("parentController", function ($scope) {
$scope.managerName = 'Shailendra Chauhan';
$scope.$parent.companyName = 'Dot Net Tricks'; //attached to $rootScope
});
app.controller("childController", function ($scope, $controller) {
$scope.teamLeadName = 'Deepak Chauhan';
});
</script>
</head>
<body ng-app="ScopeChain">
<div ng-controller="parentController ">
<table style="border:2px solid #e37112">
<caption>Parent Controller</caption>
<tr>
<td>Manager Name</td>
<td>{{managerName}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Company Name</td>
<td>{{companyName}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table ng-controller="childController" style="border:2px solid #428bca">
<caption>Child Controller</caption>
<tr>
<td>Team Lead Name</td>
<td>{{ teamLeadName }}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reporting To</td>
<td>{{managerName}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Company Name</td>
<td>{{companyName}}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: Create an AngularJS service that will hold the data and inject it inside of the controllers.
Using a service is the cleanest, fastest and easiest way to test. However, there are couple of other ways to implement data sharing between controllers, like:
– Using events
– Using $parent, nextSibling, controllerAs, etc. to directly access the controllers
– Using the $rootScope to add the data on (not a good practice)
The methods above are all correct, but are not the most efficient and easy to test.
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
$filter('yourFilterName').Source: codementor.io
Answer:
$filter('yourFilterName').Source: codementor.io
Answer: There are following advantages of AngularJS:
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: In AngularJS services are the singleton objects or functions that are used for carrying out specific tasks. It holds some business logic and these function can be called as controllers, directive, filters and so on.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: During compilation process when specific HTML constructs are encountered a behaviour or function is triggered, this function is referred as directive. It is executed when the compiler encounters it in the DOM.
Different types of directives are:
Source: guru99.com
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Answer:
Answer: By creating a cloud service, you can deploy a multi-tier web application in Azure, defining multiple roles to distribute processing and allow flexible scaling of your application. A cloud service consists of one or more web roles and/or worker roles, each with its own application files and configuration. Azure Websites and Virtual Machines also enable web applications on Azure. The main advantage of cloud services is the ability to support more complex multi-tier architectures
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: A web role provides a dedicated Internet Information Services (IIS) web-server used for hosting front-end web applications.
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: Azure Functions is a solution for easily running small pieces of code, or "functions," in the cloud. We can write just the code we need for the problem at hand, without worrying about a whole application or the infrastructure to run it and use language of our choice such as C#, F#, Node.js, Java, or PHP. Azure Functions lets us develop serverless applications on Microsoft Azure.
Answer: Serverless computing is the abstraction of servers, infrastructure, and operating systems. When you build serverless apps you don’t need to provision and manage any servers, so you can take your mind off infrastructure concerns. Serverless computing is driven by the reaction to events and triggers happening in near-real-time—in the cloud.
As a fully managed service, server management and capacity planning are invisible to the developer and billing is based just on resources consumed or the actual time your code is running.
Answer: Azure Table storage is a service that stores structured NoSQL data in the cloud, providing a key/attribute store with a schemaless design.
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer: Every Azure App Service web application includes a "hidden" service site called Kudu.
Kudu Console for example is a debugging service for Azure platform which allows you to explore your web app and surf the bugs present on it, like deployment logs, memory dump, and uploading files to your web app, and adding JSON endpoints to your web apps, etc.
Answer: A role instance is a virtual machine on which the application code and role configuration run. A role can have multiple instances, defined in the service configuration file.
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: The guest operating system for a cloud service is the operating system installed on the role instances (virtual machines) on which your application code runs.
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: Azure Blob storage is Microsoft's object storage solution for the cloud. Blob storage is optimized for storing massive amounts of unstructured data, such as text or binary data. Azure Storage offers three types of blobs:
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer:
#r "D:\home\site\wwwroot\GreetingsAssemblyReference\bin\benjamin.dll"
using benjamin;
Answer: A Windows Azure subscription grants you access to Windows Azure services and to the Windows Azure Platform Management Portal. A Windows Azure subscription has two aspects:
Source: blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
Answer: The Azure Resource Manager (ARM) is the service used to provision resources in your Azure subscription. It was first announced at Build 2014 when the new Azure portal ( portal.azure.com) was announced and provides a new set of API's that are used to provision resources. The ARM is:
Source: azurestack.blog
Answer: An Azure Resource Template is a JSON file used to deploy resources with Azure Resource Manager. It defines:
Source: onlinetech.com
Answer: A cloud service role is comprised of application files and a configuration. A cloud service can have two types of roles:
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. Azure Redis Cache is based on the popular open-source Redis cache. It gives you access to a secure, dedicated Redis cache, managed by Microsoft, and accessible from any application within Azure. It supports data structures such as strings, hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets with range queries, bitmaps, hyperloglogs and geospatial indexes with radius queries.
Source: quora.com
Answer: Azure Service Fabric is a distributed systems platform that makes it easy to package, deploy, and manage scalable and reliable micro-services. Service Fabric also addresses the significant challenges in developing and managing cloud applications. Developers and administrators can avoid complex infrastructure problems and focus on implementing mission-critical, demanding workloads that are scalable, reliable, and manageable. Service Fabric represents the next-generation middleware platform for building and managing these enterprise-class, tier-1, cloud-scale applications.
Source: quora.com
Answer: Azure AD gives you an easy and secure way to connect to the web applications you choose. You can access these applications in the same way you access your SaaS apps in Azure AD, no need for a VPN to change your network infrastructure.
Source: quora.com
Answer: Resource groups (RG) in Azure is an approach to group a collection of assets in logical groups for easy or even automatic provisioning, monitoring, and access control, and for more effective management of their costs. The underlying technology that powers resource groups is the Azure Resource Manager (ARM).
Source: onlinetech.com
Answer: Key Vault help you safeguard cryptographic keys and other secrets used by your applications whenever they are On-Premise or in the cloud. More and more services on Azure are now integrating Azure Key Vault as their secret/key source for things like deployments, data or even disk encryption.
Source: codeisahighway.com
Answer: A container organizes a set of blobs, similar to a folder in a file system. All blobs reside within a container. A storage account can contain an unlimited number of containers, and a container can store an unlimited number of blobs.
Source: docs.microsoft.com
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Answer:
Answer:
Answer: The interviewer is looking for similar things whether asking about company or position. The hiring manager wants to:
Source: github.com/yangshun/tech-interview-handbook
Answer: Here are some things your interviewer is likely looking for:
Source: biginterview.com
Answer:
Source: startups.co
Answer:
Source: github.com/yangshun/tech-interview-handbook
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Answer: Big data is the term to represent all kind of data generated on the internet. On the internet over hundreds of GB of data is generated only by online activity. Here, online activity implies web activity, blogs, text, video/audio files, images, email, social network activity, and so on. Big data can be referred to data created from all these activities. Data generated online is mostly in unstructured form. Big data will also include transactions data in the database, system log files, along with data generated from smart devices such as sensors, IoT, RFID tags, and so on in addition to online activities.
Big data needs specialized systems and software tools to process all unstructured data. In fact, according to some industry estimates almost 85% of data generated on the internet is unstructured. Usually, relational databases have a structured format and the database is centralized. Hence, with RDBMS processing can be quickly done using a query language such as SQL. On the other hand, big data is very large and is distributed across the internet and hence processing big data will need distributed systems and tools to extract information from them. Big data needs specialized tools such as Hadoop, Hive, or others along with high-performance hardware and networks to process them.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data has three main characteristics: Volume, Variety, and Velocity. Volume characteristic refers to the size of data. Estimates show that over 3 million GB of data is generated every day. Processing this volume of data is not possible in a normal personal computer or in a client-server network in an office environment with limited compute bandwidth and storage capacities. However, cloud services provide solutions to handle big data volumes and process them efficiently using distributed computing architectures.
Variety characteristic refers to the format of big data – structured or unstructured. Traditional RDBMS fits into the structured format. An example of unstructured data format is, a video file format, image files, plain text format, from web document or standard MS Word documents, all have unique formats, and so on. Also to note, RDBMS does not have the capacity to handle unstructured data formats. Further, all this unstructured data must be grouped and consolidated which creates the need for specialized tools and systems. In addition new, data is added each day, or each minute and data grows continuously. Hence big data is more synonymous with variety.
The velocity characteristic refers to the speed at which data is created and the efficiency required to process all the data. For example, Facebook is accessed by over 1.6 billion users in a month. Likewise, there are other social network sites, YouTube, Google services, etc. Such data streams must be processed using queries in real time and must be stored without data loss. Thus, velocity characteristic is important in big data processing. In addition, other characteristics include veracity and value. Veracity will determine the dependability and reliability of data and value is the value derived by organizations from big data processing.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: This is the basic Big Data interview question asked in an interview. Big data is important because by processing big data, organizations can obtain insight information related to:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data processing and analysis can be done using:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data has the potential to support organizations in many ways. Information extracted from big data can be used in:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: While understanding the need for analyzing big data, such analysis will help businesses to identify their position in markets, and help businesses to differentiate themselves from their competitors. For example, from the results of big data analysis, organizations can understand the need for customized products or can understand potential markets towards increasing revenue and value. Analyzing big data will involve grouping data from various sources to understand trends and information related to business. When big data analysis is done in a planned manner by gathering data from the right sources, organizations can easily generate business value and revenue by almost 5% to 20%. Some examples of such organizations are Amazon, Linkedin, WalMart, and many others.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data solutions are implemented at a small scale first, based on a concept as appropriate for the business. From the result, which is a prototype solution, the business solution is scaled further. This is the most popular Big Data interview questions asked in a Big Data interview Some of the best practices followed in the industry include:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data solutions follow three standard steps in its implementation. They are:
Data ingestion: This step will define the approach to extract and consolidate data from multiple sources. For example, data sources can be social network feeds, CRM, RDBMS, etc. The data extracted from different sources is stored in a Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS).
Data storage: This is the second step, the extracted data is stored. This storage can be in HDFS or HBase (NoSQL database).
Process the data: This is the last step. The data stored must be processed. Processing is done using tools such as Spark, Pig, MapReduce, and others.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Blockchain is a secure distributed ledger (data structure or database) that maintains a continuously growing list of ordered records, called “blocks”, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data.
By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way".
Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires consens
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Answer:
string is an alias in C# for System.String. So technically, there is no difference. It's like int vs. System.Int32.
As far as guidelines, it's generally recommended to use string any time you're referring to an object.
string place = "world";
Likewise, it's generally recommended to use String if you need to refer specifically to the class.
string greet = String.Format("Hello {0}!", place);
Source: blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
Answer: The .NET Standard is a formal specification of .NET APIs that are intended to be available on all .NET implementations.
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer: The .NET Core platform is a new .NET stack that is optimized for open source development and agile delivery on NuGet.
.NET Core has two major components. It includes a small runtime that is built from the same codebase as the .NET Framework CLR. The .NET Core runtime includes the same GC and JIT (RyuJIT), but doesn’t include features like Application Domains or Code Access Security. The runtime is delivered via NuGet, as part of the ASP.NET Core package.
.NET Core also includes the base class libraries. These libraries are largely the same code as the .NET Framework class libraries, but have been factored (removal of dependencies) to enable to ship a smaller set of libraries. These libraries are shipped as System.* NuGet packages on NuGet.org.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The .NET is a Framework, which is a collection of classes of reusable libraries given by Microsoft to be used in other .NET applications and to develop, build and deploy many types of applications on the Windows platform including the following:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
The SDK is all of the stuff that is needed/makes developing a .NET Core application easier, such as the CLI and a compiler.
The runtime is the "virtual machine" that hosts/runs the application and abstracts all the interaction with the base operating system.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Details: When would someone use one of these?
Answer: Precision is the main difference.
As for what to use when:
For values which are "naturally exact decimals" it's good to use decimal. This is usually suitable for any concepts invented by humans: financial values are the most obvious example, but there are others too. Consider the score given to divers or ice skaters, for example.
For values which are more artefacts of nature which can't really be measured exactly anyway, float/double are more appropriate. For example, scientific data would usually be represented in this form. Here, the original values won't be "decimally accurate" to start with, so it's not important for the expected results to maintain the "decimal accuracy". Floating binary point types are much faster to work with than decimals.
Source: blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
Answer:
Flexible deployment: Can be included in your app or installed side-by-side user- or machine-wide.
Cross-platform: Runs on Windows, macOS and Linux; can be ported to other OSes. The supported Operating Systems (OS), CPUs and application scenarios will grow over time, provided by Microsoft, other companies, and individuals.
Command-line tools: All product scenarios can be exercised at the command-line.
Compatible: .NET Core is compatible with .NET Framework, Xamarin and Mono, via the .NET Standard Library.
Open source: The .NET Core platform is open source, using MIT and Apache 2 licenses. Documentation is licensed under CC-BY. .NET Core is a .NET Foundation project.
Supported by Microsoft: .NET Core is supported by Microsoft, per .NET Core Support
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Use that rule of thumb:
Anything you've used P/Invoke calls to get outside of the nice comfy world of everything available to you in the .NET Framwork is unmanaged – and you're now responsible for cleaning it up.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The Common Type System (CTS) standardizes the data types of all programming languages using .NET under the umbrella of .NET to a common data type for easy and smooth communication among these .NET languages.
CTS is designed as a singly rooted object hierarchy with System.Object as the base type from which all other types are derived. CTS supports two different kinds of types:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: To be simple:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: When we compile our .NET code then it is not directly converted to native/binary code; it is first converted into intermediate code known as MSIL code which is then interpreted by the CLR. MSIL is independent of hardware and the operating system. Cross language relationships are possible since MSIL is the same for all .NET languages. MSIL is further converted into native code.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: It is an isolation layer provided by the .NET runtime. As such, App domains live with in a process (1 process can have many app domains) and have their own virtual address space.
App domains are useful because:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The CLR stands for Common Language Runtime and it is an Execution Environment. It works as a layer between Operating Systems and the applications written in .NET languages that conforms to the Common Language Specification (CLS). The main function of Common Language Runtime (CLR) is to convert the Managed Code into native code and then execute the program.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: CLR services
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
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Answer: ADO stands for Active Data Object and ADO.NET is a set of .NET libraries for ADO. NET is a collection of managed libraries used by .NET applications for data source communication using a driver or provider:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: In short:
The ADO.net architecture, in which connection must be kept open till the end to retrieve and access data from database is called as connected architecture. Connected architecture is built on the these types - connection, command, datareader
The ADO.net architecture, in which connection will be kept open only till the data retrieved from database, and later can be accessed even when connection to database is closed is called as disconnected architecture. Disconnected architecture of ADO.net is built on these types - connection, dataadapter, commandbuilder and dataset and dataview.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: A DataView enables you to create different views of the data stored in a DataTable, a capability that is often used in data binding applications. Using a DataView, you can expose the data in a table with different sort orders, and you can filter the data by row state or based on a filter expression. A DataView provides a dynamic view of data whose content, ordering, and membership reflect changes to the underlying DataTable as they occur. This is different from the Select method of the DataTable, which returns a DataRow array from a table per particular filter and/or sort order and whose content reflects changes to the underlying table, but whose membership and ordering remain static. The dynamic capabilities of the DataView make it ideal for data-binding applications.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: CommandBuilder helps you to generate update, delete, and insert commands on a single database table for a data adapter. Similar to other objects, each data provider has a command builder class. The OleDbCommandBuilder, SqlCommonBuilder, and OdbcCommandBuilder classes represent the CommonBuilder object in the OleDb, Sql, and ODBC data providers.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
A DataAdapter is used to retrieve data from a data source and populate tables within a DataSet. Data Adapters form the bridge between a data source and a dataset. The DataAdapter also resolves changes made to the DataSet back to the data source. The DataAdapter uses the Connection object of the .NET Framework data provider to connect to a data source, and it uses Command objects to retrieve data from and resolve changes to the data source.
A DataAdapter supports mainly the following two methods:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: ADO.NET Entity Framework is an ORM (object-relational mapping) which creates a higher abstract object model over ADO.NET components. ADO.NET is a layer closer to the database (datatables, datasets and etc...). The main and the only benefit of EF is it auto-generates code for the Model (middle layer), Data Access Layer, and mapping code, thus reducing a lot of development time. Consider the following example:
ADO.NET:
DataTable table = adoDs.Tables[0];
for (int j = 0; j < table.Rows.Count; j++)
{
DataRow row = table.Rows[j];
// Get the values of the fields
string CustomerName =
(string)row["Customername"];
string CustomerCode =
(string)row["CustomerCode"];
}
EF:
foreach (Customer objCust in obj.Customers)
{}
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: ADO.NET uses a technique called connection pooling, which minimizes the cost of repeatedly opening and closing connections. Connection pooling reuses existing active connections with the same connection string instead of creating new connections when a request is made to the database. It involves the use of a connection manager that is responsible for maintaining a list, or pool, of available connections for a given connection string. Several pools exist if different connection strings ask for connection pooling.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: The SqlCommand carries the SQL statement that needs to be executed on the database. SqlCommand carries the command in the CommandText property and this property will be used when the SqlCommand calls any of its execute methods.
The three important methods exposed by the SqlCommand object is shown below:
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: ADO.NET components categorized in three modes:
The disconnected components build the basic ADO.NET architecture. You can use these components (or classes) with or without data providers. For example, you can use a DataTable object with or without providers and shared or common components are the base classes for data providers. Shared or common components are the base classes for data providers and shared by all data providers. The data provider components are specifically designed to work with different kinds of data sources. For example, ODBC data providers work with ODBC data sources and OleDb data providers work with OLE-DB data sources.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
A DataSet object falls in disconnected components series. The DataSet consists of a collection of tables, rows, columns and relationships.
DataSet contains a collection of DataTables and the DataTable contains a collection of DataRows, DataRelations, and DataColumns. A DataTable maps to a table in the database.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: The DataRelation is a class of disconnected architecture in the .NET framework. It is found in the System.Data namespace. It represents a relationship between database tables and correlates tables on the basis of matching column.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
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Answer: Viewdata contains the key, value pairs as dictionary and this is derived from class — “ViewDataDictionary“. In action method we are setting the value for viewdata and in view the value will be fetched by typecasting.
Source: medium.com
Answer: It is a framework developed by Microsoft on which we can develop new generation web sites using web forms(aspx), MVC, HTML, Javascript, CSS etc. Its successor of Microsoft Active Server Pages(ASP). Currently there is ASP.NET 4.0, which is used to develop web sites. There are various page extensions provided by Microsoft that are being used for web site development. Eg: aspx, asmx, ascx, ashx, cs, vb, html, XML etc.
Source: guru99.com
Answer: Logging is built-in and you get access to structured logs from the ASP.NET Core host itself to your application. With tools like Serilog, you can extend your logging easily and save your logs to file, Azure, Amazon or any other output provider. You can configure verbosity and log levels via configuration (appsettings.json by default), and you can configure log levels by different categories.
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: Everything starts from Program.cs
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
BuildWebHost(args).Run();
}
public static IWebHost BuildWebHost(string[] args) =>
WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
.UseStartup<Startup>()
.Build();
CreateDefaultBuilder extension method will create a default configuration which will look first into appsettings.json files then will look for Environment variables and at the end, it will use command line arguments.
This part will also set up default logger sources (debug and console) and load the settings for logging from appsettings.json.
After the CreateDefaultBuilder finishes, then Startup class is executed. First, the constructor code is executed. After that, services are added to DI container via AddServices method that lives in Startup class. After that, an order of middleware that will handle every incoming request is set up.
Source: codingblast.com
Answer: Application pools allow you to isolate your applications from one another, even if they are running on the same server. This way, if there is an error in one app, it won't take down other applications.
Additionally, applications pools allow you to separate different apps which require different levels of security.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: ** **Using the Attributes property of server side control.
e.g.
btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","JavascriptCode();")
Source: guru99.com
Answer: We can write formatted output using Response.Output.Write().
Source: guru99.com
Answer: Another crucial part of ASP.NET Core Framework is Configuration. Also, it is part of Dependency Injection. Use it anywhere in your code with an option to reload on changes of configuration values from sources (appsettings.json, environment variables, command line arguments, etc.). It is also easy to override, extend and customize the Configuration. No more extensive configurations in web.config, the preferred way now is appsettings.json in combination with a mix of Environment variables and cmd-line args.
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: ASP.NET Core is a brand new cross-platform web framework built with .NET Core framework. It is not an update to existing ASP.NET framework. It is a complete rewrite of the ASP.NET framework. It works with both .NET Core and .NET Framework.
Main characterestics of ASP.NET Core:
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: ASP.NET, at its most basic level, provides a means for you to provide general HTML markup combined with server side "controls" within the event-driven programming model that can be leveraged with VB, C#, and so on. You define the page(s) of a site, drop in the controls, and provide the programmatic plumbing to make it all work.
ASP.NET MVC is an application framework based on the Model-View-Controller architectural pattern. This is what might be considered a "canned" framework for a specific way of implementing a web site, with a page acting as the "controller" and dispatching requests to the appropriate pages in the application. The idea is to "partition" the various elements of the application, eg business rules, presentation rules, and so on.
Think of the former as the "blank slate" for implementing a site architecture you've designed more or less from the ground up. MVC provides a mechanism for designing a site around a pre-determined "pattern" of application access, if that makes sense. There's more technical detail to it than that, to be sure, but that's the nickel tour for the purposes of the question.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: View State is the method to preserve the Value of the Page and Controls between round trips. It is a Page-Level State Management technique. View State is turned on by default and normally serializes the data in every control on the page regardless of whether it is actually used during a post-back.
A web application is stateless. That means that a new instance of a page is created every time when we make a request to the server to get the page and after the round trip our page has been lost immediately
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer: Yes. This might surprise many, but ASP.NET Core works with .NET framework and this is officially supported by Microsoft.
ASP.NET Core works with:
Source: talkingdotnet.com
Answer: Client-side validation is the best way to validate data of a web page. It reduces the network traffic and saves server resources.
Source: guru99.com
Answer: A postback originates from the client browser. Usually one of the controls on the page will be manipulated by the user (a button clicked or dropdown changed, etc), and this control will initiate a postback. The state of this control, plus all other controls on the page (known as the View State) is Posted Back to the web server.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
Web services have file extension .asmx.
Source: guru99.com
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Answer: Layout pages are similar to master pages in traditional web forms. This is used to set the common look across multiple pages. In each child page we can find —
@{
Layout = “~/Views/Shared/TestLayout1.cshtml”;
}
This indicates child page uses TestLayout page as it’s master page.
Source: medium.com
Answer: “BundleConfig.cs” in MVC4 is used to register the bundles by the bundling and minification system. Many bundles are added by default including jQuery libraries like — jquery.validate, Modernizr, and default CSS references.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Razor is the first major update to render HTML in MVC 3. Razor was designed specifically for view engine syntax. Main focus of this would be to simplify and code-focused templating for HTML generation. Below is the sample of using Razor:
@model MvcMusicStore.Models.Customer
@{ViewBag.Title = “Get Customers”;}
<div class=”cust”> <h3><em>@Model.CustomerName</em> </h3>
Source: medium.com
Answer: ViewModel is a plain class with properties, which is used to bind it to strongly typed view. ViewModel can have the validation rules defined for its properties using data annotations.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Routing is a pattern matching mechanism of incoming requests to the URL patterns which are registered in route table. Class — “UrlRoutingModule” is used for the same process.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Actions are the methods in Controller class which is responsible for returning the view or json data. Action will mainly have return type — “ActionResult” and it will be invoked from method — “InvokeAction()” called by controller.
Source: medium.com
Answer:
Source: medium.com
Answer: Scaffolding in ASP.NET MVC is used to generate the Controllers, Model and Views for create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) functionality in an application. The scaffolding will be knowing the naming conventions used for models and controllers and views.
Source: medium.com
Answer:
Source: medium.com
Answer: Razor Pages is a new feature of ASP.NET Core that makes coding page-focused scenarios easier and more productive.
With Razor Pages, you have this one Razor file (.cshtml), and the code for a single page lives inside of that file, and that file also represents the URL structure of the app. Therefore, you got everything inside of one file, and it just works.
However, you can separate your code to the code behind file with .cshtml.cs extension. You would usually have your view model and handlers (like action methods in MVC) in that file and handle the logic there. Of course, you could also have your view model moved to separate place.
Since Razor Pages is part of the MVC stack, you can use anything that comes with MVC inside of our Razor Pages.
Source: codingblast.com
Answer: Section are the part of HTML which is to be rendered in layout page. In Layout page we will use the below syntax for rendering the HTML –
@RenderSection(“TestSection”)
And in child pages we are defining these sections as shown below –
@section TestSection{
<h1>Test Content</h1>
}
Source: medium.com
Answer: In MVC all public methods have been treated as Actions. So if you are creating a method and if you do not want to use it as an action method then the method has to be decorated with "NonAction" attribute as shown below:
[NonAction]
public void TestMethod()
{
// Method logic
}
Source: stackoverflow.com
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Answer: ASP.NET Web API is a framework that simplifies building HTTP services for broader range of clients (including browsers as well as mobile devices) on top of .NET Framework.
Using ASP.NET Web API, we can create non-SOAP based services like plain XML or JSON strings, etc. with many other advantages including:
Source: codeproject.com
Answer: 500 – Internal Server Error
Consider:
[Route("CheckId/{id}")]
[HttpGet]
public IHttpActionResult CheckId(int id)
{
if(id > 100)
{
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
}
return Ok(id);
}
And the result:
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer: Using ASP.NET Web API has a number of advantages, but core of the advantages are:
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc. for all CRUD operationsMediaTypeFormatterSource: codeproject.com
Answer: More new features introduced in ASP.NET Web API framework v2.0 are as follows:
IHttpActionResultSource: codeproject.com
Answer: OAuth (Open Authorization) is an open standard for access granting/deligation protocol. It used as a way for Internet users to grant websites or applications access to their information on other websites but without giving them the passwords. It does not deal with authentication.
Basically there are three parties involved: oAuth Provider, oAuth Client and Owner.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
HttpResponseMessage works with HTTP protocol to return the data with status/error.
Source: c-sharpcorner.com
Answer:
Consider:
public class TweetsController : Controller {
// GET: /Tweets/
[HttpGet]
public ActionResult Index() {
return Json(Twitter.GetTweets(), JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
}
}
or
public class TweetsController : ApiController {
// GET: /Api/Tweets/
public List<Tweet> Get() {
return Twitter.GetTweets();
}
}
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: A Web API controller action can return following values:
Source: career.guru99.com
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Answer: AWS stands for Amazon Web Services and is a platform that provides database storage, secure cloud services, offering to compute power, content delivery, and many other services to develop business levels.
Source: onlineinterviewquestions.com
Answer:
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: An Amazon S3 bucket is a public cloud storage resource available in Amazon Web Services' (AWS) Simple Storage Service (S3), an object storage offering. Amazon S3 buckets, which are similar to file folders, store objects, which consist of data and its descriptive metadata.
By default, you can create up to 100 buckets in each of your AWS accounts. If you need more buckets, you can increase your bucket limit by submitting a service limit increase.
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN) offered by Amazon Web Services. Content delivery networks provide a globally-distributed network of proxy servers which cache content, such as web videos or other bulky media, more locally to consumers, thus improving access speed for downloading the content.
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Answer: AMI stands for the term Amazon Machine Image. It’s an AWS template which provides the information (an application server, and operating system, and applications) required to perform the launch of an instance. This AMI is the copy of the AMI that is running in the cloud as a virtual server. You can launch instances from as many different AMIs as you need. AMI consists of the followings:
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Use scp:
scp -i ec2key.pem username@ec2ip:/path/to/file .
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: You can make an AMI of an existing instance, and then launch other instances using that AMI.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: AWS Data Pipeline is a web service that you can use to automate the movement and transformation of data. With AWS Data Pipeline, you can define data-driven workflows, so that tasks can be dependent on the successful completion of previous tasks.
Source: docs.aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon EC2 services have following features:
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Many different types of instances can be launched from one AMI. The type of an instance generally regulates the hardware components of the host computer that is used for the instance. Each type of instance has distinct computing and memory efficacy.
Once an instance is launched, it casts as host and the user interaction with it is same as with any other computer but we have a completely controlled access to our instances. AWS developer interview questions may contain one or more AMI based questions, so prepare yourself for the AMI topic very well.
Source: whizlabs.com
Answer: Yes, buckets exist in a specific region and you need to specify that region when you create a bucket. Amazon S3 creates bucket in a region you specify. You can choose any AWS region that is geographically close to you to optimize latency, minimize costs, or address regulatory requirements.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: AWS Direct Connect bypasses the public Internet and establishes a secure, dedicated connection from your infrastructure into AWS. With established connectivity via AWS Direct Connect, you can access your Amazon VPC and all AWS services.
Source: coresite.com
Answer: Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) provides persistent block storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances in the AWS Cloud. Each Amazon EBS volume is automatically replicated within its Availability Zone to protect you from component failure, offering high availability and durability.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that runs your code in response to events and automatically manages the underlying compute resources for you. You can use AWS Lambda to extend other AWS services with custom logic, or create your own back-end services that operate at AWS scale, performance, and security.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability. With DynamoDB, you can create database tables that can store and retrieve any amount of data, and serve any level of request traffic.
Source: docs.aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon Elastic MapReduce (EMR) is an Amazon Web Services (AWS) tool for big data processing and analysis. Amazon EMR offers the expandable low-configuration service as an easier alternative to running in-house cluster computing.
Amazon EMR is based on Apache Hadoop, a Java-based programming framework that supports the processing of large data sets in a distributed computing environment. MapReduce is a software framework that allows developers to write programs that process massive amounts of unstructured data in parallel across a distributed cluster of processors or stand-alone computers.
Source: searchaws.techtarget.com
Answer: By default data on S3 is not encrypted, but all you could enable server-side encryption in your object metadata when you upload your data to Amazon S3. As soon as your data reaches S3, it is encrypted and stored.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: No. After you create a volume, you can attach it to any EC2 instance in the same Availability Zone. An EBS volume can be attached to only one EC2 instance at a time, but multiple volumes can be attached to a single instance.
Source: docs.aws.amazon.com
Answer: Amazon API Gateway is an AWS service that enables developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale. You can create APIs that access AWS or other web services, as well as data stored in the AWS Cloud.
Source: aws.amazon.com
Answer: Using AWS Direct Connect, you can establish private connectivity between AWS and your datacenter, office, or colocation environment, which in many cases can reduce your network costs, increase bandwidth throughput, and provide a more consistent network experience than Internet-based connections.
Source: aws.amazon.com
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Answer: ASP.NET MVC is a web application Framework. It is light weight and highly testable Framework. MVC separates application into three components — Model, View and Controller.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Scrum is one of the most popular frameworks for implementing Agile. Many people think scrum and agile are the same thing but they're not.
With scrum, the product is built in a series of fixed-length iterations called sprints that give teams a framework for shipping software on a regular cadence.
Source: atlassian.com
Answer: In the Scrum methodology a sprint is the basic unit of development. Scrum sprints correspond to Agile iterations.
Each sprint starts with
A Sprint ends with
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Three essential roles for scrum success are:
Source: atlassian.com
Answer: User stories are features customers might want to see in their software. They are written on index cards to encourage face-to-face communication. Typically no more than a couple days work, they form the basis of our Agile plans.
Answer: Epic: A customer described software feature that is itemized in the product backlog is known as epic. Epics are sub-divided into stories.
User Stories: From the client perspective user stories are prepared which defines project or business functions, and it is delivered in a particular sprint as expected.
Task: Further down user stories are broken down into different task
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: To improve the performance, the existing code is modified; this is re-factoring. During re-factoring the code functionality remains same.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: An Agile iteration is a short one to two week period where a team takes most important user stories, builds them completely and deliver as running-tested-software to the customer. Analysis, design, coding, testing happen during an iteration.
Answer: Scrum calls for four ceremonies that bring structure to each sprint:
Source: atlassian.com
Answer: If a timebox plan needs to be reprioritized it should include whole team, product owner, and developers.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer:
Product backlog: It contains a list of all desired features and is owned by the product owner
Sprint backlog: It is a subset of the product backlog owned by development team and commits to deliver it in a sprint. It is created in Sprint Planning Meeting
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: Agile is a time boxed, iterative approach (framework) to software delivery that builds software incrementally from the start of the project, instead of trying to deliver it all at once near the end.
It works by breaking projects down into little bits of user functionality called user stories, prioritizing them, and then continuously delivering them in short two week cycles called iterations.
Agile refers to any process that aligns with the concepts of the Agile Manifesto.
Source: agilemanifesto.org
Answer: To track the project progress burnup and burn down, charts are used
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: The work to be performed in the Sprint is planned at the Sprint Planning. This plan is created by the collaborative work of the entire Scrum Team.
Sprint Planning answers the following:
The Sprint Goal is an objective set for the Sprint that can be met through the implementation of Product Backlog.
Source: scrum.org
Answer:
The Product Backlog is an ordered list of everything that is known to be needed in the product. It is the single source of requirements for any changes to be made to the product.
The Sprint Backlog is the set of Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint during the Sprint Planning, plus a plan for delivering the product Increment and realizing the Sprint Goal.
Source: scrum.org
Answer: It is used to discuss the difficulty of the story without assigning actual hours. The most common scale used is a Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8,1 3,….100) although some teams use linear scale (1, 2, 3, 4….), Powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8……) and cloth size (XS, S ,M, L, XL)
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer:
Answer: In Scrum the task board is a visual display of the progress of the Scrum team during a sprint. It presents a snapshot of the current sprint backlog allowing everyone to see which tasks remain to be started, which are in progress and which are done.
Consider the following layout of the task board:
Source: manifesto.co.uk
Answer: A product roadmap is referred for the holistic view of product features that create the product vision.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: Velocity is a metric that is calculated by addition of all efforts estimates related with user stories completed in an iteration. It figures out how much work Agile can complete in a sprint and how much time will it need to finish a project.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: The burn-down chart shows the remaining work to complete before the timebox (iteration) ends.
Source: career.guru99.com
Answer: Test driven development (TDD) is also known as test-driven design. In this method, developer first writes an automated test case which describes new function or improvement and then creates small codes to pass that test, and later re-factors the new code to meet the acceptable standards.
Source: career.guru99.com
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Answer:
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: A Spannable allows to attach formatting information like bold, italic, ... to sub-sequences ("spans", thus the name) of the characters. It can be used whenever you want to represent "rich text".
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: An activity provides the window in which the app draws its UI. This window typically fills the screen, but may be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows. Generally, one activity implements one screen in an app. For instance, one of an app’s activities may implement a Preferences screen, while another activity implements a Select Photo screen.
Source: github.com
Answer: There are 3 CPU architectures in Android:
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer: As a user navigates through, out of, and back to your app, the Activity instances in your app transition through different states in their lifecycle.
To navigate transitions between stages of the activity lifecycle, the Activity class provides a core set of six callbacks: onCreate(), onStart(), onResume(), onPause(), onStop(), and onDestroy(). The system invokes each of these callbacks as an activity enters a new state.
Source: developer.android.com
Answer:
You can use getActivity(), which returns the activity associated with a fragment. The activity is a context (since Activity extends Context).
You can also override the onAttach method of fragment:
public static class DummySectionFragment extends Fragment{
...
@Override
public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
super.onAttach(activity);
DBHelper = new DatabaseHelper(activity);
}
}
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
View: View objects are the basic building blocks of User Interface(UI) elements in Android. View is a simple rectangle box which responds to the user’s actions. Examples are EditText, Button, CheckBox etc. View refers to the android.view.View class, which is the base class of all UI classes.
ViewGroup: ViewGroup is the invisible container. It holds View and ViewGroup. For example, LinearLayout is the ViewGroup that contains Button(View), and other Layouts also. ViewGroup is the base class for Layouts.
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer: In Android you don't have MVC, but you have the following:
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
onCreate() method is called once during the Activity lifecycle, either when the application starts, or when the Activity has been destroyed and then recreated, for example during a configuration change.onStart() method is called whenever the Activity becomes visible to the user, typically after onCreate() or onRestart().Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer:
Source: android.jlelse.eu
Answer: An Intent is basically a message that is passed between components (such as Activities, Services, Broadcast Receivers, and Content Providers).So, it is almost equivalent to parameters passed to API calls. The fundamental differences between API calls and invoking components via intents are:
To listen for an broadcast intent (like the phone ringing, or an SMS is received), you implement a broadcast receiver, which will be passed the intent. To declare that you can handle another's app intent like "take picture", you declare an intent filter in your app's manifest file.
If you want to fire off an intent to do something, like pop up the dialer, you fire off an intent saying you will.
An Intent provides a facility for performing late runtime binding between the code in different applications.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: In general SharedPreferences are your best bet for storing preferences, so in general I'd recommend that approach for saving application and user settings.
The only area of concern here is what you're saving. Passwords are always a tricky thing to store, and I'd be particularly wary of storing them as clear text. The Android architecture is such that your application's SharedPreferences are sandboxed to prevent other applications from being able to access the values so there's some security there, but physical access to a phone could potentially allow access to the values.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: RecyclerView was created as a ListView improvement, so yes, you can create an attached list with ListView control, but using RecyclerView is easier as it:
To conclude, RecyclerView is a more flexible control for handling "list data" that follows patterns of delegation of concerns and leaves for itself only one task - recycling items.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: App components are the essential building blocks of an Android app. Each component is an entry point through which the system or a user can enter your app.
There are four different types of app components:
Source: developer.android.com
Answer: The documentation itself provides a rather straightforward explanation: The Context class is an “Interface to global information about an application environment".
We may assume a Context is a handle to the system; it provides services like resolving resources, obtaining access to databases and preferences, and so on. An Android app has activities. Context is like a handle to the environment your application is currently running in. The activity object inherits the Context object.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is an android virtual machine optimized for mobile devices. It optimizes the virtual machine for memory, battery life and performance.
The Dex compiler converts the class files into the .dex file that run on the Dalvik VM. Multiple class files are converted into one dex file.
Source: www.javatpoint.com
Answer: ConstraintLayout allows you to create large and complex layouts with a flat view hierarchy (no nested view groups). It's similar to RelativeLayout in that all views are laid out according to relationships between sibling views and the parent layout, but it's more flexible than RelativeLayout and easier to use with Android Studio's Layout Editor.
Intention of ConstraintLayout is to optimize and flatten the view hierarchy of your layouts by applying some rules to each view to avoid nesting.
Source: developer.android.com
Answer: ADB is the acronym for Android Debug Bridge, which is part of the Android SDK (Software Development Kit). It uses a client-server-model (i.e. adbd, the ADB daemon, is running on the device and can be connected to), and in most cases is used via an USB connection. It is also possible to use it via WiFi (wireless adb).
There's nothing you need to install on your Android device, as the ADB daemon (adbd) is already integrated into the Android OS. It is usually accessed via a command line interface from the PC, where either the full Android SDK is installed (several 30 MB download archive currently), or a massively stripped-down version for "non-developers", sometimes referred to as "Mini ADB" or "ADB essentials" (for Linux, this is only the adb executable; for Windows it's adb.exe plus two or three .dll files).
Source: developer.android.com
Answer: Dalvik is a Just In Time (JIT) compiler. By the term JIT, we mean to say that whenever you run your app in your mobile device then that part of your code that is needed for execution of your app will only be compiled at that moment and rest of the code will be compiled in the future when needed. The JIT or Just In Time compiles only a part of your code and it has a smaller memory footprint and due to this, it uses very less physical space on your device.
Source: blog.mindorks.com
Answer: The are mainly two types of context:
Application Context: It is an instance that is the singleton and can be accessed in activity via getApplicationContext(). This context is tied to the lifecycle of an application. The application context can be used where you need a context whose lifecycle is separate from the current context or when you are passing a context beyond the scope of activity.
Activity Context: This context is tied to the lifecycle of an activity. The activity context should be used when you are passing the context in the scope of an activity or you need the context whose lifecycle is attached to the current context.
Source: blog.mindorks.com
Details: I have a scenario where, after logging in through a login page, there will be a sign-out button on each activity. Can you guide me on how to keep session id available to all activities?
Answer: The easiest way to do this would be to pass the session id to the signout activity in the Intent you're using to start the activity:
Intent intent = new Intent(getBaseContext(), SignoutActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("EXTRA_SESSION_ID", sessionId);
startActivity(intent);
Access that intent on next activity:
String sessionId = getIntent().getStringExtra("EXTRA_SESSION_ID");
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Out of memory error is very common error when you are developing for a application that deals with multiple images sets or large bitmaps or some Animation stuff. In Android, every application runs in a Linux Process. Each Linux Process has a Virtual Machine (Dalvik Virtual Machine) running inside it. There is a limit on the memory a process can demand and it is different for different devices and also differs for phones and tablets. When some process demands a higher memory than its limit it causes a error i.e Out of memory error.
There are number of reasons why we get a Out of memory errors. Some of those are:
You are doing some operation that continuously demands a lot of memory and at some point it goes beyond the max heap memory limit of a process.
You are leaking some memory i.e you didn’t make the previous objects you allocated eligible for Garbage Collection (GC). This is called Memory leak.
You are dealing with large bitmaps and loading all of them at run time. You have to deal very carefully with large bitmaps by loading the size that you need not the whole bitmap at once and then do scaling.
Source: blogs.innovationm.com
Answer: A content provider manages access to a central repository of data. A provider is part of an Android application, which often provides its own UI for working with the data. However, content providers are primarily intended to be used by other applications, which access the provider using a provider client object.
Typically you work with content providers in one of two scenarios;
Source: developer.android.com
Answer:
AsyncTask is one of the easiest ways to implement parallelism in Android without having to deal with more complex methods like Threads. Though it offers a basic level of parallelism with the UI thread, it should not be used for longer operations (of, say, not more than 2 seconds).
AsyncTask has four methods
onPreExecute()doInBackground()onProgressUpdate()onPostExecute()where doInBackground() is the most important as it is where background computations are performed.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: In short, Fragments need to have a no-args constructor for the Android system to instantiate them. Your Fragment subclasses need a public empty constructor as this is what's being called by the framework.
It is used in the case when device has to restore the state of a fragment. No data will be passed and a default fragment will be created and then the state will be restored. Since the system has no way to know what you passed in your constructor or your newInstance, default constructor will be used and saved bundle should be passed via onCreate after the fragment is actually instantiated with the default constructor.
Source: www.quora.com
Answer: There are basically four different ways to store data in an Android app:
Source: www.androidauthority.com
Answer: A notification is a message that Android displays outside your app's UI to provide the user with reminders, communication from other people, or other timely information from your app. Users can tap the notification to open your app or take an action directly from the notification.
Notifications appear to users in different locations and formats, such as an icon in the status bar, a more detailed entry in the notification drawer, as a badge on the app's icon, and on paired wearables automatically. Beginning with Android 5.0, notifications can appear on the lock screen.
Starting in Android 8.0 (API level 26), all notifications must be assigned to a channel or it will not appear. By categorizing notifications into channels, users can disable specific notification channels for your app (instead of disabling all your notifications), and users can control the visual and auditory options for each channel—all from the Android system settings.
Source: developer.android.com
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Answer: Angular’s route guards are interfaces which can tell the router whether or not it should allow navigation to a requested route. They make this decision by looking for a true or false return value from a class which implements the given guard interface.
Source: medium.com
Answer: An Angular module is set of Angular basic building blocks like component, directives, services etc. An app can have more than one module.
A module can be created using @NgModule decorator.
@NgModule({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer:
A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations. You can write your own custom pipes. Angular comes with a stock of pipes such as DatePipe, UpperCasePipe, LowerCasePipe, CurrencyPipe, and PercentPipe.
Consider:
<p>The hero's birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>
In this page, you'll use pipes to transform a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date.
Source: angular.io
Answer:
The absolute minimal configuration for a @Component in Angular is a template. Both template properties are set to optional because you have to define either template or templateUrl.
When you don't define them, you will get an exception like this:
No template specified for component 'ComponentName'
A selector property is not required, as you can also use your components in a route.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Components control views (html). They also communicate with other components and services to bring functionality to your app.
Modules consist of one or more components. They do not control any html. Your modules declare which components can be used by components belonging to other modules, which classes will be injected by the dependency injector and which component gets bootstrapped. Modules allow you to manage your components to bring modularity to your app.
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: The Angular CLI downloads and install everything you need to test an Angular application with the Jasmine test framework.
The project you create with the CLI is immediately ready to test. Just run this one CLI command:
ng test
Source: angular.io
Answer: Angular services are singleton objects which get instantiated only once during the lifetime of an application. They contain methods that maintain data throughout the life of an application, i.e. data does not get refreshed and is available all the time. The main objective of a service is to organize and share business logic, models, or data and functions with different components of an Angular application.
The separation of concerns is the main reason why Angular services came into existence. An Angular service is a stateless object and provides some very useful functions.
Source: dzone.com
Answer: Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding component property. Let's take an example,
<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>
In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is commonly known as AppModule. The default structure of AppModule generated by AngularCLI would be as follows,
/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */
@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer:
Just bind to the hidden property
Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages between publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for event handling, asynchronous programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you define a function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a consumer subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives notifications until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to rely on a popular Observable library called RxJS. The observables are created using new keyword. Let see the simple example of observable,
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
const observable = new Observable(observer => {
setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});`
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: Components are the most basic building block of an UI in an Angular application. An Angular application is a tree of Angular components. Angular components are a subset of directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template and only one component can be instantiated per an element in a template.
A component must belong to an NgModule in order for it to be usable by another component or application. To specify that a component is a member of an NgModule, you should list it in the declarations field of that NgModule.
@Component({selector: 'greet', template: 'Hello {{name}}!'})
class Greet {
name: string = 'World';
}
Source: angular.io
Answer: Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by an Observable. It has below structure,
interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}
A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable as below,
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores notifications of that type.
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in the tag inorder to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the application root then you can set the href value as below
<base href="/">
Source: github.com/sudheerj
Answer: The correct syntax is the following:
<div [innerHTML]="theHtmlString"></div>
Working in 5.2.6
Source: medium.com
Answer:
Structural directives are used to alter the DOM layout by removing and adding DOM elements. It is far better in changing the structure of the view. Examples of Structural directives are NgFor and Nglf.
Attribute Directives These are being used as characteristics of elements. For example, a directive such as built-in NgStyle in the template Syntax guide is an attribute directive.
Source: onlineinterviewquestions.com
Answer: You can get a handle to the DOM element via ElementRef by injecting it into your component's constructor:
constructor(myElement: ElementRef) { ... }
Source: medium.com
Answer: Just bind to the hidden property:
[hidden]="!myVar"
Source: medium.com
Answer:
*ngIf effectively removes its content from the DOM while [hidden] modifies the display property and only instructs the browser to not show the content but the DOM still contains it.
Source: medium.com
Answer: Angular and AngularJS is basically a different framework with the same name.
Angular is more ready for the current state of web standards and the future state of the web (ES6\7, immutiablity, components, shadow DOM, service workers, mobile compatibilty, modules, typescript and so on and so on... )
Angular killed many main features in AngularJS like - controllers, $scope, directives (replaced with @component annotations), the module definition, and much more, even simple things like ng-repeat has not left the same as it was.
Also:
cli.Source: stackoverflow.com
Answer: Just to name a few:
Source: github.com/WebPredict
Answer:
Write a component when you want to create a reusable set of DOM elements of UI with custom behaviour. Write a directive when you want to write reusable behaviour to supplement existing DOM elements.
Source: medium.com
Answer: The Angular router ships with a feature called guards. These provide us with ways to control the flow of our application. We can stop a user from visitng certain routes, stop a user from leaving routes, and more. The overall process for protecting Angular routes:
ng g guard authcanActivate() or canActivateChild() methods// import the newly created AuthGuard
const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'account',
canActivate: [AuthGuard]
}
];
Some other available guards:
CanActivate: Check if a user has accessCanActivateChild: Check if a user has access to any of the child routesCanDeactivate: Can a user leave a page? For example, they haven't finished editing a postResolve: Grab data before the route is instantiatedCanLoad: Check to see if we can load the routes assetsSource: scotch.io
Details:
@HostBinding('[class.valid]') isValid;
Answer:
@HostBinding lets you set properties on the element or component that hosts the directive.
The code applies the css class valid to whatever is using this directive conditionally based on the value of isValid.
Source: alligator.io
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Answer: There are following reasons to choose AngularJS as a web development framework:
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
ng-show/ng-hide will always insert the DOM element, but will display/hide it based on the condition. ng-if will not insert the DOM element until the condition is not fulfilled.
ng-if is better when we needed the DOM to be loaded conditionally, as it will help load page bit faster compared to ng-show/ng-hide.
We only need to keep in mind what the difference between these directives is, so deciding which one to use totally depends on the task requirements.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: AngularJS has no dependency on jQuery library. But it can be used with jQuery library.
Source: _ github.com/krosti_
Answer:
This can be done by using the ng-hide directive in conjunction with a controller to hide an HTML element on button click.
<div ng-controller="MyCtrl">
<button ng-click="hide()">Hide element</button>
<p ng-hide="isHide">Hello World!</p>
</div>
function MyCtrl($scope) {
$scope.isHide = false;
$scope.hide = function () {
$scope.isHide = true;
};
}
Source: codementor.io
Answer: Is a great pattern that restricts the use of a class more than once. We can find singleton pattern in angular in dependency injection and in the services.
In a sense, if the you do 2 times new Object() without this pattern, the you will be alocating 2 pieces of memory for the same object. With singleton pattern, if the object exists, it'll be reused.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: The features of AngularJS are listed below:
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: A module might have dependencies on other modules. The dependent modules are loaded by angular before the requiring module is loaded.
In other words the configuration blocks of the dependent modules execute before the configuration blocks of the requiring module. The same is true for the run blocks. Each module can only be loaded once, even if multiple other modules require it.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
To prevent accidental name collisions with your code, Angular prefixes names of public objects with $ and names of private objects with $$. So, do not use the $ or $$ prefix in your code.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
Filters are used to format data before displaying it to the user. They can be used in view templates, controllers, services and directives. There are some built-in filters provided by AngularJS like as Currency, Date, Number, OrderBy, Lowercase, Uppercase etc. You can also create your own filters.
Filter Syntax:
{{ expression | filter}}
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: AngularJS directives are a combination of AngularJS template markups (HTML attributes or elements, or CSS classes) and supporting JavaScript code. The JavaScript directive code defines the template data and behaviors of the HTML elements.
AngularJS directives are used to extend the HTML vocabulary i.e. they decorate html elements with new behaviors and help to manipulate html elements attributes in interesting way.
There are some built-in directives provided by AngularJS like as ng-app, ng-controller, ng-repeat, ng-model etc.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: Directives are markers on a DOM element (such as an attribute, element name, comment or CSS class) that tell AngularJS’s HTML compiler ($compile) to attach a specified behavior to that DOM element (e.g. via event listeners), or even to transform the DOM element and its children.
Angular comes with a set of these directives built-in, like ngBind, ngModel, and ngClass. Much like you create controllers and services, you can create your own directives for Angular to use. When Angular bootstraps your application, the HTML compiler traverses the DOM matching directives against the DOM elements.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: Scope is an object that refers to the application model. It is an execution context for expressions. Scopes are arranged in hierarchical structure which mimic the DOM structure of the application. Scopes can watch expressions and propagate events. Scopes are objects that refer to the model. They act as glue between controller and view.
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
The ngIf Directive, when applied to an element, will remove that element from the DOM if it’s condition is false.
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
Angular initializes automatically upon DOMContentLoaded event or when the angular.js script is downloaded to the browser and the document.readyState is set to complete. At this point AngularJS looks for the ng-app directive which is the root of angular app compilation and tells about AngularJS part within DOM. When the ng-app directive is found then Angular will:
<html>
<body ng-app="myApp">
<div ng-controller="Ctrl"> Hello {{msg}}!
</div>
<script src="lib/angular.js"></script>
<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []); app.controller('Ctrl', function ($scope) {
$scope.msg = 'World';
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
By using “::” in front of it.
Source: codementor.io
Answer: Scope is a JavaScript object that refers to the application model. It acts as a context for evaluating angular expressions. Basically, it acts as glue between controller and view.
Scopes are hierarchical in nature and follow the DOM structure of your AngularJS app. AngularJS has two scope objects: $rootScope and $scope.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer:
We can use the ng-disabled directive and bind its condition to the checkbox’s state.
<body ng-app>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" ng-model="checked" />Disable Button
</label>
<button ng-disabled="checked">Select me</button>
</body>
Source: codementor.io
Answer: The $scope object used by views in AngularJS are organized into a hierarchy. There is a root scope, and the $rootScope can has one or more child scopes. Each controller has its own $scope (which is a child of the $rootScope), so whatever variables you create on $scope within controller, these variables are accessible by the view based on this controller.
For example, suppose you have two controllers: ParentController and ChildController as given below:
<html>
<head>
<script src="lib/angular.js"></script>
<script>
var app = angular.module('ScopeChain', []); app.controller("parentController", function ($scope) {
$scope.managerName = 'Shailendra Chauhan';
$scope.$parent.companyName = 'Dot Net Tricks'; //attached to $rootScope
});
app.controller("childController", function ($scope, $controller) {
$scope.teamLeadName = 'Deepak Chauhan';
});
</script>
</head>
<body ng-app="ScopeChain">
<div ng-controller="parentController ">
<table style="border:2px solid #e37112">
<caption>Parent Controller</caption>
<tr>
<td>Manager Name</td>
<td>{{managerName}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Company Name</td>
<td>{{companyName}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table ng-controller="childController" style="border:2px solid #428bca">
<caption>Child Controller</caption>
<tr>
<td>Team Lead Name</td>
<td>{{ teamLeadName }}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reporting To</td>
<td>{{managerName}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Company Name</td>
<td>{{companyName}}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: Create an AngularJS service that will hold the data and inject it inside of the controllers.
Using a service is the cleanest, fastest and easiest way to test. However, there are couple of other ways to implement data sharing between controllers, like:
– Using events
– Using $parent, nextSibling, controllerAs, etc. to directly access the controllers
– Using the $rootScope to add the data on (not a good practice)
The methods above are all correct, but are not the most efficient and easy to test.
Source: codementor.io
Answer:
$filter('yourFilterName').Source: codementor.io
Answer:
$filter('yourFilterName').Source: codementor.io
Answer: There are following advantages of AngularJS:
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: In AngularJS services are the singleton objects or functions that are used for carrying out specific tasks. It holds some business logic and these function can be called as controllers, directive, filters and so on.
Source: github.com/krosti
Answer: During compilation process when specific HTML constructs are encountered a behaviour or function is triggered, this function is referred as directive. It is executed when the compiler encounters it in the DOM.
Different types of directives are:
Source: guru99.com
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Answer:
Answer: By creating a cloud service, you can deploy a multi-tier web application in Azure, defining multiple roles to distribute processing and allow flexible scaling of your application. A cloud service consists of one or more web roles and/or worker roles, each with its own application files and configuration. Azure Websites and Virtual Machines also enable web applications on Azure. The main advantage of cloud services is the ability to support more complex multi-tier architectures
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: A web role provides a dedicated Internet Information Services (IIS) web-server used for hosting front-end web applications.
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: Azure Functions is a solution for easily running small pieces of code, or "functions," in the cloud. We can write just the code we need for the problem at hand, without worrying about a whole application or the infrastructure to run it and use language of our choice such as C#, F#, Node.js, Java, or PHP. Azure Functions lets us develop serverless applications on Microsoft Azure.
Answer: Serverless computing is the abstraction of servers, infrastructure, and operating systems. When you build serverless apps you don’t need to provision and manage any servers, so you can take your mind off infrastructure concerns. Serverless computing is driven by the reaction to events and triggers happening in near-real-time—in the cloud.
As a fully managed service, server management and capacity planning are invisible to the developer and billing is based just on resources consumed or the actual time your code is running.
Answer: Azure Table storage is a service that stores structured NoSQL data in the cloud, providing a key/attribute store with a schemaless design.
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer: Every Azure App Service web application includes a "hidden" service site called Kudu.
Kudu Console for example is a debugging service for Azure platform which allows you to explore your web app and surf the bugs present on it, like deployment logs, memory dump, and uploading files to your web app, and adding JSON endpoints to your web apps, etc.
Answer: A role instance is a virtual machine on which the application code and role configuration run. A role can have multiple instances, defined in the service configuration file.
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: The guest operating system for a cloud service is the operating system installed on the role instances (virtual machines) on which your application code runs.
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: Azure Blob storage is Microsoft's object storage solution for the cloud. Blob storage is optimized for storing massive amounts of unstructured data, such as text or binary data. Azure Storage offers three types of blobs:
Source: docs.microsoft.com
Answer:
#r "D:\home\site\wwwroot\GreetingsAssemblyReference\bin\benjamin.dll"
using benjamin;
Answer: A Windows Azure subscription grants you access to Windows Azure services and to the Windows Azure Platform Management Portal. A Windows Azure subscription has two aspects:
Source: blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
Answer: The Azure Resource Manager (ARM) is the service used to provision resources in your Azure subscription. It was first announced at Build 2014 when the new Azure portal ( portal.azure.com) was announced and provides a new set of API's that are used to provision resources. The ARM is:
Source: azurestack.blog
Answer: An Azure Resource Template is a JSON file used to deploy resources with Azure Resource Manager. It defines:
Source: onlinetech.com
Answer: A cloud service role is comprised of application files and a configuration. A cloud service can have two types of roles:
Source: mindmajix.com
Answer: Redis is an open source (BSD licensed), in-memory data structure store, used as a database, cache and message broker. Azure Redis Cache is based on the popular open-source Redis cache. It gives you access to a secure, dedicated Redis cache, managed by Microsoft, and accessible from any application within Azure. It supports data structures such as strings, hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets with range queries, bitmaps, hyperloglogs and geospatial indexes with radius queries.
Source: quora.com
Answer: Azure Service Fabric is a distributed systems platform that makes it easy to package, deploy, and manage scalable and reliable micro-services. Service Fabric also addresses the significant challenges in developing and managing cloud applications. Developers and administrators can avoid complex infrastructure problems and focus on implementing mission-critical, demanding workloads that are scalable, reliable, and manageable. Service Fabric represents the next-generation middleware platform for building and managing these enterprise-class, tier-1, cloud-scale applications.
Source: quora.com
Answer: Azure AD gives you an easy and secure way to connect to the web applications you choose. You can access these applications in the same way you access your SaaS apps in Azure AD, no need for a VPN to change your network infrastructure.
Source: quora.com
Answer: Resource groups (RG) in Azure is an approach to group a collection of assets in logical groups for easy or even automatic provisioning, monitoring, and access control, and for more effective management of their costs. The underlying technology that powers resource groups is the Azure Resource Manager (ARM).
Source: onlinetech.com
Answer: Key Vault help you safeguard cryptographic keys and other secrets used by your applications whenever they are On-Premise or in the cloud. More and more services on Azure are now integrating Azure Key Vault as their secret/key source for things like deployments, data or even disk encryption.
Source: codeisahighway.com
Answer: A container organizes a set of blobs, similar to a folder in a file system. All blobs reside within a container. A storage account can contain an unlimited number of containers, and a container can store an unlimited number of blobs.
Source: docs.microsoft.com
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Answer:
Answer:
Answer: The interviewer is looking for similar things whether asking about company or position. The hiring manager wants to:
Source: github.com/yangshun/tech-interview-handbook
Answer: Here are some things your interviewer is likely looking for:
Source: biginterview.com
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Source: startups.co
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Source: github.com/yangshun/tech-interview-handbook
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Answer: Big data is the term to represent all kind of data generated on the internet. On the internet over hundreds of GB of data is generated only by online activity. Here, online activity implies web activity, blogs, text, video/audio files, images, email, social network activity, and so on. Big data can be referred to data created from all these activities. Data generated online is mostly in unstructured form. Big data will also include transactions data in the database, system log files, along with data generated from smart devices such as sensors, IoT, RFID tags, and so on in addition to online activities.
Big data needs specialized systems and software tools to process all unstructured data. In fact, according to some industry estimates almost 85% of data generated on the internet is unstructured. Usually, relational databases have a structured format and the database is centralized. Hence, with RDBMS processing can be quickly done using a query language such as SQL. On the other hand, big data is very large and is distributed across the internet and hence processing big data will need distributed systems and tools to extract information from them. Big data needs specialized tools such as Hadoop, Hive, or others along with high-performance hardware and networks to process them.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data has three main characteristics: Volume, Variety, and Velocity. Volume characteristic refers to the size of data. Estimates show that over 3 million GB of data is generated every day. Processing this volume of data is not possible in a normal personal computer or in a client-server network in an office environment with limited compute bandwidth and storage capacities. However, cloud services provide solutions to handle big data volumes and process them efficiently using distributed computing architectures.
Variety characteristic refers to the format of big data – structured or unstructured. Traditional RDBMS fits into the structured format. An example of unstructured data format is, a video file format, image files, plain text format, from web document or standard MS Word documents, all have unique formats, and so on. Also to note, RDBMS does not have the capacity to handle unstructured data formats. Further, all this unstructured data must be grouped and consolidated which creates the need for specialized tools and systems. In addition new, data is added each day, or each minute and data grows continuously. Hence big data is more synonymous with variety.
The velocity characteristic refers to the speed at which data is created and the efficiency required to process all the data. For example, Facebook is accessed by over 1.6 billion users in a month. Likewise, there are other social network sites, YouTube, Google services, etc. Such data streams must be processed using queries in real time and must be stored without data loss. Thus, velocity characteristic is important in big data processing. In addition, other characteristics include veracity and value. Veracity will determine the dependability and reliability of data and value is the value derived by organizations from big data processing.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: This is the basic Big Data interview question asked in an interview. Big data is important because by processing big data, organizations can obtain insight information related to:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data processing and analysis can be done using:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data has the potential to support organizations in many ways. Information extracted from big data can be used in:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: While understanding the need for analyzing big data, such analysis will help businesses to identify their position in markets, and help businesses to differentiate themselves from their competitors. For example, from the results of big data analysis, organizations can understand the need for customized products or can understand potential markets towards increasing revenue and value. Analyzing big data will involve grouping data from various sources to understand trends and information related to business. When big data analysis is done in a planned manner by gathering data from the right sources, organizations can easily generate business value and revenue by almost 5% to 20%. Some examples of such organizations are Amazon, Linkedin, WalMart, and many others.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data solutions are implemented at a small scale first, based on a concept as appropriate for the business. From the result, which is a prototype solution, the business solution is scaled further. This is the most popular Big Data interview questions asked in a Big Data interview Some of the best practices followed in the industry include:
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Big data solutions follow three standard steps in its implementation. They are:
Data ingestion: This step will define the approach to extract and consolidate data from multiple sources. For example, data sources can be social network feeds, CRM, RDBMS, etc. The data extracted from different sources is stored in a Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS).
Data storage: This is the second step, the extracted data is stored. This storage can be in HDFS or HBase (NoSQL database).
Process the data: This is the last step. The data stored must be processed. Processing is done using tools such as Spark, Pig, MapReduce, and others.
Source: www.educba.com
Answer: Blockchain is a secure distributed ledger (data structure or database) that maintains a continuously growing list of ordered records, called “blocks”, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data.
By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way".
Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires consens
Truncated — view the full README on GitHub.
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