Awesome Quantum Compiler

By studying Quantum Compilation written by Marco Maronese (2021) and Quantum Compilation Process by Javier Cardama et al. (2025), as well as the classic Nature Journal by Frederic T. Chong et al. (2017), we can get a clear sense of how to enter this field.

Background and Survey

Survey Paper

• Quantum Arithmetic Algorithms: Implementation, Resource Estimation, and Comparison Dmytro Fedoriaka et al. (2025)
• Quantum Compiler Design for Qubit Mapping and Routing Chenghong zhu et al (2025).
• A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Circuit Optimization Krishnageetha Karuppasamy et al (2025).
• Quantum Circuit Synthesis and Compilation Optimization Ge Yan et al (2024).
• A Comprehensive Study of Quantum Arithmetic Circuits Siyi Wang et al. (2024)

Quantum Compilation

• Two-bit gates are universal for quantum computation D. P. DiVincenzo (1994)
• Elementary gates for quantum computation A. Barenco et al. (1995)
• Optimal Quantum Circuits for General Two-Qubit Gates Farrokh Vatan, Colin Williams (2003)
• Improved simulation of stabilizer circuits Scott Aaronson, Daniel Gottesman (2004)
• Synthesis of quantum-logic circuits Vivek V. Shende et al. (2004)
• An Introduction to Cartan’s KAK Decomposition for QC Programmers Robert R. Tucci (2005)
• The Solovay-Kitaev algorithm Christopher M. Dawson, Michael A. Nielsen (2005)

PL, Assembly, and IR Design

• Pauli-Based High-Level Optimization Engine for Instruction Execution on NISQ Devices Zhaohui Yang et al [GitHub]
• A QASM based Quantum Transpiler Framework for NISQ Devices Fei Hua et al. [Github]
• A Broader and Deeper Quantum Assembly Language Andrew W. Cross et al. [Github]
• QSSA: An SSA-based IR for Quantum computing Anurudh Peduri, Siddharth Bhat, Tobias Grosser [GitHub]
• A Static Single Assignment-based Quantum Program Representation for Optimization David Ittah et al. [GitHub]
• QRANE: Lifting QASM Programs to an Affine IR Blake Gerard, Tobias Grosser, Martin Kong
• A MLIR Dialect for Quantum Assembly Languages Alexander McCaskey, Thien Nguyen
• An Open Source Software Framework for Quantum Computing Damian S. Steiger et al. [Github]
• PennyLane: Automatic differentiation of hybrid quantum-classical computations Ville Bergholm et al. [Github]
• Open Quantum Assembly Language Andrew W. Cross et al. (2017) [Github]
• ScaffCC: Scalable Compilation and Analysis of Quantum Programs Ali JavadiAbhari et al. [GitHub]

HW-agnostic Circuit Compilation

• Optimizing Quantum Circuits, Fast and Slow Amanda Xu et al
• Linear and non-linear relational analyses for Quantum Program Optimization Matthew Amy, Joseph Lunderville
• Quantum Circuit Optimization for the Fault-Tolerance Era: Do We Have to Start from Scratch? Tobias Forster et al.
• Optimizing Ancilla-Based Quantum Circuits with SPARE Ritvik Sharma et al.
• Quantum circuit optimization with AlphaTensor Francisco J. R. Ruiz [GitHub]
• A Learning-Based Quantum Circuit Optimizer Zikun Li et al. [GitHub] [Youtube]
• Deep Optimization of Quantum Program Campbell et al. [GitHub]
• A Generalized Block-wise Compiler Optimization Framework for Quantum Simulation Kernels Gushu Li et al. [Youtube]
• Qubit Allocation Marcos Siraichi et al.

HW-specific Compilation

General

• On the Optimal Compilation for Fermion-to-Qubit Encoding Yuhao Liu et al. [Github] [Youtube]
• AlphaRouter: Quantum Circuit Routing with Reinforcement Learning and Tree Search Wei Tang et al [Github]
• A Quantum Compiler for 2-local Qubit Hamiltonian Simulation Algorithms Lingling Lao, Dan E. Browne [Github] [Youtube]
• Qubit Mapping and Routing via MaxSAT Abtin Molavi et al
• A New Qubit Mapping Mechanism for Multi-programming Quantum Computing in Cloud Environment Lei Liu, Xinglei Dou
• Time-optimal Qubit mapping Chi Zhang et al. [Youtube]
• Tackling the Qubit Mapping Problem for NISQ-Era Quantum Devices Gushu Li et al

Superconducting + [Google Quantum AI] [IBM Quantum]

• Virtual-Z Gates and Symmetric Gate Compilation Arian Vezvaee et al
• Practical and efficient quantum circuit syntehesis and transpiling with Reinforcement Learning
• Direct Pulse-Level Compilation of Arbitrary Quantum Logic Gates on Superconducting Qutrits Yujin Cho et al
• A Compiler-Assisted Approach for Qubit Reuse through Dynamic Circuit
• Optimized Compilation of Aggregated Instructions for Realistic Quantum Computers Yunong Shi et al

Trapped-Ion + [Quantinuum] [IonQ]

• Shuttle & SWAP Co-Optimisation in QCCD Chenghong Zhu et al
• Hybrid discrete-continuous compilation of trapped-ion quantum circuits with deep reinforcement learning Francesco Preti
• A Surface Code Compiler and Resource Estimator for Trapped-Ion Processors Tyler Leblond et al. [Github]
• Automated Generation of Shuttling Sequences for a Linear Segmented Ion Trap Quantum Computer Jonathan Durandau [GitHub]
• Quantum Circuit Compiler for a Shuttling-Based Trapped Ion Quantum Computer Fabian Kreppel et al

Neutral atom + [PasQal]

• A Retargetable Compiler Framework for FPQA Quantum Architectures Oğuzcan Kırmemiş et al.
• Enabling Concatenated Quantum Error Correction on Neutral Atom Arrays Pengyu Liu et al.
• Compiling quantum circuits for dynamically field-programmable neutral atoms array processors Bochen Tan et al
• Compiler Optimization for Bosonic Quantum Computing Junyu Zhou et al.
• A Quantum Compiler for Reconfigurable Neutral Atom Arrays Hanrui Wang et al. [Youtube]
• Pulse Family Optimization for Parametrized Quantum Gates Using Spectral Clustering Robert de Keijzer et al
• Field Programmable Qubit Array Compilation with Flying Ancillas Hanrui Wang et al
• Compiling Quantum Circuits for Dynamically Field Programmable Neutral Atoms Array Processors Daniel Bochen Tan
• Quantum optimization of maximum independent set using Rydberg atom arrays S. Ebadi et al
• Qubit mapping for reconfigurable atom arrays Bochen Tan et al. [Youtube]
• Optimal mapping for near-term quantum architectures based on Rydberg atoms S.Brandhofer et al

Photonics + [PsiQuantum]

• Adaptive Compilation for Resource-Constrained Photonic One-Way Quantum Computing Hezi Zhang et al
• A Scalable and Robust Compilation Framework for Emitter-Photonic Quantum Computing Xiangyu Ren et al
• A Randomness-aware Compiler for Photonic Quantum Computing Hezi Zhang et al [Youtube]
• Fusion-based quantum computation Sara Bartolucci et al.
• A Compilation Framework for Photonic One-Way Quantum Computation Hezi Zhang et al
• A Compiler for Universal Photonic Quantum Computers Felix Zilk et al

Topolocial Quantum + [Microsoft Quantum]

Compilation with error mitigation

• Mitigating Idling Errors in Qubits via Adaptive Dynamical Decoupling Poulami Das et al
• Systematic Cross talk Mitigation for Superconducting Qubits via Frequency-Aware Compilation Yongshan Ding et al
• Not All Qubits Are Created Equal: Variation-Aware Qubit Allocation in NISQ-Era Quantum Computers Swamit Tannu & Moinuddin Qureshi
• Noise-adaptive compiler mappings for noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. Prakash Murali et al. [Github] [Youtube]

Pulse-level Compilation

• Towards a pulse-level intermediate representation for diverse quantum control systems Jude Alnas et al.
• Enabling Pulse-Level Programming, Compilation, and Execution in XACC Thien Nguyen, Alexander McCaskey [Github]
• Resource-Efficient Quantum Computing by Breaking Abstractions Yunong Shi
• Optimized Quantum Compilation for Near-Term Algorithms with OpenPulse Pranav Gokhale et al. [Github] [Youtube]
• Software Mitigation of Crosstalk on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers Prakash Murali et al.
• Partial Compilation of Variational Algorithms for Near-term Quantum Machines Pranav Gokhale et al. [Github]

QEC-aware compilation

• In-situ Qubit Calibration for Surface Code Quantum Error Correction
• A Resource-Allocating Compiler for Lattice Surgery Alan Robertson et al. [GitHub]
• Dependency-Aware Compilation for Surface Code Quantum Architectures Abtin Molavi et al.
• QEC on Demand via In-Situ Encoding of Bare Qubits for Ion Trap Architectures Keyi Yin et al.
• Efficient Circuit Mapping and Scheduling for Surface Code Mingzheng Zhu et al.
• A New Routing Strategy to Improve Success Rates of Quantum Circuits Lu Fang et al
• Optimizing FTQC Programs through QEC Transpiler and Architecture Codesign Meng Wang et al.
• A High Performance Compiler for Very Large Scale Surface Code Computations George Watkins et al
• Realistic Cost to Execute Practical Quantum Circuits using Direct Clifford+T Lattice Surgery Compilation Tyler LeBlond et al. [Github]
• An architecture for efficient fault-tolerant quantum computers with limited non-local connections Daniel Litinski, Naomi Nickerson
• A Framework for Enabling Efficient Surface Code Communication in Quantum Computing Fei Hua et al.

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing

• Fault-tolerant quantum computation Peter Shor (1996)
• Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons Alexei Kitaev (1997)
• Resilient Quantum Computation Emanuel Knill et al (1998)
• Theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation Daniel Gottesman (1998)
• Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with Constant Error Rate Dorit Aharonov, Michael Ben-Or (1999)
• A One-Way Quantum Computer Raussendorf and Briegel (2001)
• Universal quantum computation with ideal Clifford gates and noisy ancillas Bravyi and Kitaev (2005)
• Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with High Threshold in Two Dimensions Raussendorf et al. (2007)

Magic State Factory

• Constant-overhead magic state distillation Adam Wills et al.
• Experimental demonstration of logical magic state distillation Pedro Sales Rodriguez et al.
• Encoding a magic state with beyond break-even fidelity Riddhi S. Gupta et al.
• Magic state cultivation: growing T states as cheap as CNOT gates Craig Gidney et al.
• Logical Magic State Preparation with Fidelity beyond the Distillation Threshold on a Superconducting Quantum Processor Yangsen Ye et al.
• Unfolded distillation: very low-cost magic state preparation for biased-noise qubits Diego Ruiz et al.
• Locality-Aware Pauli-Based Computation for Local Magic State Preparation Keita Kanno et al
• Magic state distillation: Not as costly as you thin Daniel Litinski
• Mapping and scheduling multi-level distillation circuits for fault-tolerant quantum architectures Yongshan Ding et al.
• Quantum computation with realistic magic-state factories Joe O'Gorman, Earl T. Campbell

Resource Estimation

• [Gidney Google Scholar] + [Gidney Blog]
• Resource Analysis of Low-Overhead Transversal Architectures for Reconfigurable Atom Arrays Hengyun Zhou et al.
• Quantum resource estimation for large scale quantum algorithms Vlad Gheorghiu and Michele Mosca
• How to factor 2048-bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits Craig Gidney and Martin Eke
• Factoring 2048-bit RSA Integers in 177 Days with 13 436 Qubits and a Multimode Memory Élie Gouzien and Nicolas Sangouard
• Large-Scale Quantum Computing with Lattice Surgery Daniel Litinski

Distributed Quantum Computing

• A modular quantum computer based on bivariate bicycle codes
• A Distributed Compilation Framework for Measurement-Based Quantum Computing Yecheng Xue et al
• Optimizing Distributed Quantum Computing for Quantum Data Centers with Switch Networks Hezi Zhang et al.
• Optimizing Compilation for Distributed Quantum Computing via Clustering and Annealing Ruilin Zhou et al
• Multi-Entry Communication Highway for Superconducting Quantum Chiplets Hezi Zhang et al.
• Qubit Allocation for Distributed Quantum Computing Yingling Mao et al
• Modular architectures for fault-tolerant photonic quantum computing Héctor Bombín et al.

Cryptanalysis and PQC

CryptoSystem - JoC IACR

Quantum Cryptanalysis

• [Survey] Quantum Cryptanalysis: Shor, Grover, and Beyond
• Factoring using 2n+2 qubits with Toffoli based modular multiplication Thomas Häner et al.
• Optimal ancilla-free Clifford+T approximations of z-rotations Neil J. Ross et al.
• An algorithm for the T-count David Gosset et al.
• Faster Quantum Number Factoring via Circuit Synthesis Igor L. Markov et al.
• Polynomial-time T-depth Optimization of Clifford+T circuits via Matroid Partitioning Matthew Amy et al.
• A meet-in-the-middle algorithm for fast synthesis of depth-optimal quantum circuits Matthew Amy et al.
• Fast Quantum Modular Exponentiation Architecture for Shor's Factorization Algorithm Archimedes Pavlidis et al.
• Constant-Optimized Quantum Circuits for Modular Multiplication and Exponentiation Igor L. Markov et al.
• A quantum circuit for Shor's factoring algorithm using 2n+2 qubits Y. Takahashi et al.
• Fast quantum modular exponentiation Rodney Van Meter et al.
• Implementation of Shor's Algorithm on a Linear Nearest Neighbour Qubit Array Andrew G. Fowler
• Circuit for Shor's algorithm using 2n+3 qubits Stéphane Beauregard

Post-Quantum Cryptography

My experiences I went through during my past year at university inspired me to decide to pursue research on PQC as well

• [Survey] Post-Quantum Cryptography and Quantum-Safe Security: A Comprehensive Survey
• Automatic Large-Scale Constant-Time Analysis Zhiyuan Zhang, Gilles Barthe
• Decompiling for Constant-Time Analysis Santiago Arranz-Olmos et al.
• How Compilers Break and Fix Constant-Time Code Antoine Geimer, Clementine Maurice
• How Compilers Break Constant-Time Implementations Moritz Schneider et al.
• Smooth, Integrated Proofs of Cryptographic Constant Time for Nondeterministic Programs and Compilers Owen Conoly et al.
• Preservation of Speculative Constant-Time by Compilation Santiago Arranz Olmos et al.
• Vectorized Implementation of Kyber and Dilithium on 32-bit Cortex-A Series Youngbeom Kim et al.
• Optimized Software Implementation of Keccak, Kyber, and Dilithium on RISC-V Jipeng Zhang et al.
• Faster Post-Quantum TLS 1.3 Based on ML-KEM: Implementation and Assessment Jieyu Zheng et al.
• Machine-checked IND-CCA security and correctness of ML-KEM in EasyCrypt José Bacelar Almeida et al.
• Optimized Vectorization Implementation of CRYSTALS-Dilithium Jieyu Zheng et al.
• Faster Kyber and Dilithium on the Cortex-M4 Amin Abdulrahman et al. Github
• Faster Dilithium, Kyber, and Saber on Cortex-A72 and Apple M1 Hanno Becker et al. Github
• Compact Implementations of Kyber on 64-bit ARM Cortex-A Processors Pakize Sanal et al.
• Memory-Efficient High-Speed Implementation of Kyber on Cortex-M4 Leon Botros et al.
• Formal Verification of a Constant-Time Preserving C Compiler Gilles Barthe et al.

Quantum System Software Infrastructure

Quantum Testing and Debugging

• [Survey] Testing and Debugging Quantum Programs: The Road to 2030 Neilson Carlos Leite Ramalho et al.
• Automated Testing of Quantum Programs with Complex Input States Jiaming Ye et al. [Github]
• Metamorphic Testing for Quantum Programs Matteo Paltenghi, Michael Pradel [Github]
• Quantum Combinatorial Testing Framework Xinying Wang et al. [Youtube]
• Search-Based Testing of Quantum Programs Xinying Wang et al. [Youtube]
• A Mutation Testing Tool for Quantum Algorithms and Applications in Qiskit E. Fortunato et al. [Github]
• A coverage-guided test generator for quantum programs Xinyi Wang et al. [Github] [Youtube]
• Mutation Testing for Qiskit Quantum Programs A. Mendiluze et al. [Github]
• Projection-based runtime assertions for testing and debugging Quantum programs Gushu Li et al. [Youtube]
• Assertion-Based Optimization of Quantum Programs Thomas Häner et al
• Statistical Assertions for Quantum Programs Yipeng Huang, M. Martonosi [Youtube]

Quantum Formal Verification

• Efficient Formal Verification of Quantum Error Correcting Programs Qifan Huang et al.
• Quantum Correctness by Construction Anurudh Peduri et al.
• Symbolic Execution for Quantum Error Correction Programs Wang Fang, Mingsheng Ying.
• Quantum Probabilistic Model Checking for Time-Bounded Properties Seungmin Jeon et al.
• A Design of Software Architecture for Validate and Verification of Linear-Optical Quantum Computing Platform Duwon Lee et al
• Foundational Verification of Quantum Programs L. Zhou [Youtube]
• Sound Reasoning for Purity and Entanglement in Quantum Programs Charles Yuan et al [Github][Youtube]
• Push-Button Verification for the Qiskit Quantum Compiler Runzhou Tao at al. [Github] [Youtube]
• Quantum Relational Hoare Logic Dominique Unruh [Youtube]
• A Core Language for Quantum Circuits J. Paykin et al [Github]

Quantum Secure Compilation

• Program Output Obfuscation for Quantum Software Circuits in Quantum Clouds Tirthak Patel et al
• Quantum Circuit Split Compilation with Interlocking Patterns Qian Wang et al
• Enhanced locking for quantum circuit IP protection Y Liu et al
• Obfuscating quantum hybrid-classical algorithms for security and privacy S Upadhyay, S Ghosh
• Leveraging Quantum Circuit Cutting for Obfuscation and Intellectual Property Protection G Typaldos, W Tang, J Szefer
• Split Compilation for Security of Quantum Circuits Abdullah Ash Saki et al

Quantum Operating System

• An Operating System For Executing Applications On Quantum Network Nodes C. Delle Donne et al.
• A Quantum Operating System Emmanouil Giortamis et al.
• An Open-Source Hybrid Quantum Operating System Stavros Efthymiou et al. [Github]
• Quantum Operating Systems Henry Corrigan-Gibbs et al

Top Conference Deadline

• January - ICCAD CCS
• March - OOPSLA TQC QCE
• April - QCE MICRO
• July - POPL
• August - ASPLOS
• September - HPCA QIP
• November - CC ISCA PLDI DAC CGO STOC ICSE

World-class researcher (This list will be updated in the future)

• Mikhail D. Lukin Ronald L. Walsworth, Christian L. Degen, Paola Cappellaro
• Philippe Bouyer, Arnaud Landragin, Ernst M. Rasel
• Dmitry Budker
• Charles H. Bennett, Artur Ekert
• Anton Zeilinger, Jian-Wei Pan, Nicolas Gisin
• Stephanie Wehner, Stefano Pirandola, Norbert Lütkenhaus