The list of 969 programming languages that you might be interested in.
If you like exploring programming languages, or you are making your own programming language,
then it's place for you. Here you can find interesting programming languages that are not well known or promote your own programming language. Also, it's the place to look for a new ideas and inspiration. Feel free to make a contribution.
A+ - A+ is a powerful and efficient programming language. It is freely available under the GNU General Public License. It embodies a rich set of functions and operators, a modern graphical user interface with many widgets and automatic synchronization of widgets and variables, asynchronous execution of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and many other features. Execution is by a rather efficient interpreter. A+ was created at Morgan Stanley. Primarily used in a computationally-intensive business environment, many critical applications written in A+ have withstood the demands of real world developers over many years. Written in an interpreted language, A+ applications tend to be portable.
ABC - ABC is an interactive programming language and environment for personal computing, originally intended as a good replacement for BASIC. It was designed by first doing a task analysis of the programming task.ABC is easy to learn (an hour or so for someone who has already programmed), and yet easy to use. Originally intended as a language for beginners, it has evolved into a powerful tool for beginners and experts alike.
ABCL - ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System. The tenet of our ABCL research project is to exploit both paralle. lism and object orientation. Parallelism is ubiquitous in our problem domains; parallelism is not only the source of computational power, but also promotes structural simplicity/naturalness in design and algorithm. Object-orientation accompanying parallelism, enhances system modularity, flexibility, and safety.
ABS - ABS is a programming language that works best when you're scripting on your terminal. It tries to combine the elegance of languages such as Python, or Ruby, to the convenience of Bash.
ACCEPT - ACCEPT, an approximate compiler for C and C++ programs based on Clang. Think of it as your assistant in breaking your program in small ways to trade off correctness for performance.
Ada - A programming language for readable, correct, and performant software. Get started with Alire, the Ada package manager.
Adamant - Adamant was to be a general-purpose language with high performance, deterministic safe resource management, and guaranteed thread safety.
Adept - A blazing fast language for general purpose programming.
Adept3x - A language designed to help maximize developer productivity and safety
AdvSys - AdvSys - A Language for Writing Text Adventure Games
Aergia - Aergia is a programming language designed with the aim of having incredibly minimal, esolang-style syntax while still being readable enough to be considered a usable programming language.
Agda - Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language. It has inductive families, i.e., data types which depend on values, such as the type of vectors of a given length. It also has parametrised modules, mixfix operators, Unicode characters, and an interactive Emacs interface which can assist the programmer in writing the program.
Agena - Agena is an easy-to-learn procedural programming language suited to be used in scientific, mathematical, scripting, networking, and many other applications. Binaries are available for Solaris, Windows, Linux, OS/2, Mac OS X, Raspberry Pi and DOS.
Aime - aime is an imperative procedural programming language, with a C inspired syntax. It is a high level programming language, with fully automated memory management, and strong static types.
Aith - Low level functional programming language with linear types, Generalized Inline Functions, levity polymorphism and regions. Aith is a perfomant systems programming language with am empathises on type systems. As of now Aith is very early stages and very little is implemented.
Alan - Alan is a Autoscalable Programming Language:
🔭 Predictable runtime for all computations - A program is represented as DAG(s) where the running time for all computations can be predicted because there is no unbounded recursion or iteration;
⛓ Automatic IO concurrency and parallelism across events and arrays - Alan exploits opportunities for IO concurrency or CPU parallelization across machines in a cluster via arrays and a static event loop without threads, channels, promises, futures, locks, etc;
✅ Almost no runtime errors - No deadlocks, livelocks, undefined variables, divide-by-zero, integer under/overflow, array out-of-bounds access, etc;
⚡️ No GC pauses - Alan’s runtime manages memory allocation, access, and deallocation for you like Java, Python, or Javascript. However, Alan’s static event system and automatic event-oriented memory model does so without garbage collector pauses.
Alain - Symbolic logic/relational programming from first principles : structural types emerge from unification of pervasive list structures (including strings), first-class predicates enable meta-programming without side effects (assert/retract), deterministic OR-parallel search, equality and disequality through variable naming alone.
A Programming Language with Static Verification: You can develop programs and algorithms and prove them to be correct in Albatross.
A Proof Assistant: Arbitrary mathematical theories can be expressed and proved in Albatross
A Theorem Prover: It has a proof engine which supports you significantly in doing proofs.
Alda - Alda is a text-based programming language for music composition. It allows you to compose and play back music using only your text editor and the command line.
AlexScript - AlexScript is an interpreted scripting language with a fully Polish syntax, written from scratch in Ruby:
Code entirely in Polish - keywords, standard library, and error messages, e.g. jesli/funkcja/klasa instead of if/function/class;
Object-oriented like Ruby, with syntax and semantics also drawing from JavaScript - classes with inheritance, modules as mixins, first-class functions, and typed exceptions;
Batteries included - a native standard library, fiber-based async/await, a built-in debugger, and a browser-based REPL.
Alumina - Alumina is an imperative, general-purpose, statically typed, compiled system programming language. Alumina is heavily inspired by Rust, especially in terms of syntax and standard library API. Unlike Rust, however, Alumina is not memory-safe and it requires manual memory management.
Amiga E - E is an object-oriented/procedural/unpure functional/whatever language with quite a popular implementation on the amiga. It’s mainly influenced by languages such as C++, Ada, Lisp etc., and features extremely fast compilation, inline assembler, large set of integrated functions, powerful module concept, flexible type-system, quoted expressions, immediate and typed lists, parametric and object polymorphism, exception handling, inheritance, data-hiding, methods, multiple return values, default arguments, register allocation, fast memory management, unification, LISP-Cells, macro-preprocessing, a very powerful source-level debugger, gui-toolkit, library linker, and then some.
AMPL - AMPL is the most powerful and intuitive tool for developing and deploying complex optimization solutions in business & scientific applications. AMPL connects to most commercial and open-source solvers and allows you to switch easily between them.
AMML - AMML (Advanced Modular Markup Language) is an open-source markup language designed to organize large web projects through reusable components, modules, and a powerful plugin system, compiling everything into standard HTML, XML, or JSON.
AngelScript - AngelScript is an extremely flexible cross-platform scripting library designed to allow applications to extend their functionality through external scripts. It has been designed from the beginning to be an easy to use component.
Ante - Ante is a low-level functional language for exploring refinement types, lifetime inference, and other fun features. In general, ante is low-level (no GC, values aren't boxed by default) while also trying to be as readable as possible by encouraging high-level approaches that can be optimized with low-level details later on.
Antimony - Antimony is a general-purpose toy language. Its primary goal is to be simple and easy to understand, not to be efficient.
Ape - Ape is an easy to use programming language and library written in C. It's an offspring of Monkey language, but it evolved to be more procedural with variables, loops, operator overloading, modules, and more.
Apex - Apex is an interface definition language (IDL) for modeling software. Generate source code, documentation, integration, everything automatically.
APL - APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages.
APLX - is an advanced, second generation implementation of the APL language, closely based on IBM's APL2, but with a number of important enhancements.
April - April (Array Programming Re-Imagined in Lisp) - The APL programming language (a subset thereof) compiling to Common Lisp.
Arianna Method Language - A machine learning language for transformers, implemented in C. [AI]
Arend - Arend is a theorem prover and a programming language based on Homotopy Type Theory.
Argon - Argon is an interpreted multi-paradigm dynamically typed programming language. Its syntax is mainly influenced by Python, Go and Rust.
Aria - Aria is a modern, dynamic scripting language. It is meant to be a "sweet spot" language, easy to pick-up and enjoyable to use. It comes with a familiar C-style syntax, a feature set inspired by well-beloved languages such as Python and Rust and a focus on getting stuff done. The standard library, while simple, has enough basic features to get you started on interesting problems.
Ark - Ark is a tiny, fast, and somewhat useful programming language focused on runtime stability and simple code syntax. Every instruction is a single character, but it is NOT an esolang. (anymore)
Ark - Ark is a systems programming language focused on being practical and pragmatic. We want a language that is simple, easy to write, yet powerful enough to create readable, performant and concise code for any problem
ArkScript - ArkScript is a small, fast, functional and scripting language for C++ projects ; the syntax is inspired by Lisp. It's a scripting language aiming for high portability and easily embedding in C++ projects, with a few nice features such as tail call optimization and macros.
Arturo - Arturo is an independently-developed, modern programming language, vaguely related to various other ones - including but not limited to Logo, Rebol, Forth, Ruby, Haskell, D, SmallTalk, Tcl, and Lisp. The language has been designed following some very simple and straightforward principles: a) Code is just a list of words and symbols, b) Words and symbols within a block are interpreted - when needed - according to the context, c) No reserved words or keywords - look for them as hard as you can; there are absolutely none.
ASPL - ASPL is a modern programming language featuring beautiful simplicity, seamless cross-compilation, advanced mobile support, powerful C-interoperability, and so much more. It has been designed to be practical for both beginners and experienced programmers and to help you build better software, quicker.
astro - Astro is a fun programming language designed for safe high-performance applications. It is essentially a statically-typed systems language that
facilitates rapid prototyping,
features high-level abstractions with zero overhead,
ensures memory safety without a (tracing) Garbage Collector, and
supports data-race-free concurrency.
atto - self-hosted functional programming language
atlantis - a system programming language and ecosystem
Atom - is a programmable, register based virtual machine for Win32 computers. The program is a text-base console application. The VM can be programmed using a neo-assembler language called Atom Assembler. This document discusses the VM and explains each opcode in Atom Assembler.
Atom - A general purpose programming language that easy to use, read and integrated
ATS - ATS is a statically typed programming language that unifies implementation with formal specification. It is equipped with a highly expressive type system rooted in the framework Applied Type System, which gives the language its name. In particular, both dependent types and linear types are available in ATS.
Austral - A systems programming language that uses linear types to provide memory safety and capability-secure code. [linear types]
AutoIt v3 - is a freeware BASIC-like scripting language designed for automating the Windows GUI and general scripting. It uses a combination of simulated keystrokes, mouse movement and window/control manipulation in order to automate tasks in a way not possible or reliable with other languages (e.g. VBScript and SendKeys). AutoIt is also very small, self-contained and will run on all versions of Windows out-of-the-box with no annoying "runtimes" required! AutoIt was initially designed for PC "roll out" situations to reliably automate and configure thousands of PCs. Over time it has become a powerful language that supports complex expressions, user functions, loops and everything else that veteran scripters would expect.
Aver - A minimal, statically typed functional language for auditable AI-written code. No if/else, no loops, no mutable state — just match, recursion, and explicit effects. Verify blocks and architectural decisions are first-class syntax. Compiles to Rust, exports proofs to Lean 4.
Avail - Avail is a multi-paradigmatic general purpose programming language whose feature set emphasizes support for articulate programming. Avail is an open-source project that comprises a language virtual machine and a standard library.
AWKA - Awka is an open-source implementation of the AWK programming language. Awka is not an interpreter like Gawk, Mawk or Nawk, but instead it converts the program to ANSI-C, then compiles this using gcc or a native C compiler to create a binary executable. This means you must have an ANSI C compiler present on your system for Awka to work.
Axe - Axe is a modern, open source, compiled programming language with builtin parallelism, and no garbage collector. It prioritizes concurrent features as a core language construct, and provides a clean syntax to allow for writing explicit, understandable code.
B (44):
B4X - Simple, powerful and modern development tools. With B4X, anyone who wants to, can develop real-world solutions.
BabyCobol - BabyCobol is a project in language design aimed at creating a language that is, on one hand, small enough to be quickly implementable (fully or partially) within any framework that can support its features, and, on the other hand, complex enough to cover typical problems of legacy language processing. If you learn how to compile MiniJava, you stand a good chance of implementing a reasonably good compiler for any contemporary programming language. If you show how your language extension works on Featherweight Java, it has a good chance of being applicable to any reasonable modern object-oriented programming language. If you can handle BabyCobol with your tool and with your skills, you are ready to face the challenges of software modernisation, codebase migration and legacy language processing in general. At this day and age, being future proof means being able to handle software of the past.
Backlang - A new Rust, C# inspired Language for .Net
BAIK - BAIK is a scripting language which syntax is in Indonesian for Windows and Linux on Server, Desktop, Laptop and Embedded Computer, including IoT. It supports GPIO, Animation, PDF, UTF8, Printer, OOP, GUI, CGI, Databases, Graphics and TCP/IP.
Bait - Bait is a compiled general purpose programming language with a simple syntax but still powerful feature set and standard library for building reliable software.
Ballerina - Ballerina is an open-source programming language for the cloud that makes it easier to use, combine, and create network services.
Barn - Barn is a simple programming language written in GoLang and compiled to C++. Syntax is very simple, and Barn can call C/C++ functions natively so creating new bindings should be easy. Barn was written with the goal of being as fast and easy to use as possible. Barn is just a little project with which I can chill and just code.
Battlestar - Subset of assembly with an alternative syntax and with support for inline C, specifically for 64-bit x86 Linux, 32-bit x86 Linux and 16-bit x86 DOS.
Bau - Bau is a simple, concise, safe, powerful and fast programming language. Features: Easy to learn; Concise syntax; Memory-safe; Statically typed; Fast compilation and execution (transpiles to C).
BCPL - BCPL ("Basic Combined Programming Language") is a procedural, imperative, and structured programming language. A stripped down and syntactically changed version of BCPL, called B, was the language on which the C programming language was based. BCPL introduced several features of many modern programming languages, including using curly braces to delimit code blocks.
Beads - The Beads project is a daring attempt to generate a new language that will replace the current popular toolchain stack of HTML/CSS/JS/+Frameworks+Database, with a single language.
Beanshell - BeanShell is a small, free, embeddable Java source interpreter with object scripting language features, written in Java. BeanShell dynamically executes standard Java syntax and extends it with common scripting conveniences such as loose types, commands, and method closures like those in Perl and JavaScript.
Beef - Beef is a performance-oriented compiled programming language.
Benoit - Benoit is a programming language that transpiles to JavaScript, optimized for human-AI pair programming. It features inline test assertions as first-class syntax, pattern matching with guards and ranges, a pipe operator, and achieves ~68% token reduction versus equivalent JS. Zero dependencies, ~500 lines, MIT licensed. [AI]
Berry - A ultra-lightweight embedded scripting language optimized for microcontrollers.
Beryl - Beryl is a small, interpreted, embeddable scripting language with value semantics and first class functions. The main feature of Beryl is that the core interpreter can run without any dynamic memory allocation*, and it does not need to parse or compile scripts beforehand. It can also be built without any external dependencies, excluding some typedefines and constants needed from stddef.h and limits.h; however these could be provived from a custom header if needed.
BETA - BETA is a modern language in the Simula tradition. The resulting language is smaller than Simula in spite of being considerably more expressive. BETA is a strongly typed language like Simula, Eiffel and C++, with most type checking being carried out at compile-time. It is well known that it is not possible to obtain all type checking at compile time without sacrificing the expressiveness of the language. BETA has optimum balance between compile-time type checking and run-time type checking.
Bhl - BeHavior Language is a strictly typed programming language specifically tailored for gameplay logic scripting.
Bite - Bite is a dynamically typed, object oriented programming language. Dynamically typed, because the type of the content of a variable can change during runtime of the program. Object-oriented, because you can define classes to encapsulate your code and data. Bite uses modules, classes and functions to separate code.
BL - The Biscuit Language (BL) is simple imperative programming language using LLVM backend implemented in C. Biscuit is designed to be simple, fast and explicit. Language syntax is inspired by JAI.
Bla - We investigate an (unpure) functional language whose concept of environment is not implicit as in traditional languages, but made available explicitly as a first class value. This results in a semantics for environments that is best known from the object oriented paradigm, and gives us a united function/class concept in a very orthogonal way. We also look at the language as a real-world general purpose language, considering semantics (of type-inference, for example), implementation issues, and practical experience in using the compiler.
Blacklight - blacklight is a general-pupose multithreading concatenative stack-based programming language with first-class queues and objects with delegation.
Blade - Blade is a simple, clean, and embeddable dynamic programming language created to be simple enough for beginners, yet powerful and expressive for professionals. It has a very small syntax set with a very low learning curve. Blade improves upon the best features of JavaScript, Python, and Ruby to give developers a familiar and powerful system that feels native for developers coming from any of these languages and an easy way to leverage the strength of any.
Bleach - Bleach: a programming language aimed for teaching introductory 'Compilers' courses.
Blech - Blech is a language for developing reactive, real-time critical embedded software.
BlitzMax - BlitzMax is a fast cross-platform, open-source programming language.
Blue - The Blue Programming Language, A powerful, V E R Y Easy to use language, that can compile to eight of your favourite languages. A compiled, dynamically typed, object oriented programming language. Coming in at only 30 keywords, this is an easy to use language with unseen compiler speed. Blue is extremely powerful thanks to it's small, compact, file size. It was written in only 3200 lines of Haxe code.
Bob - Bob is a simple object-oriented scripting language. Bob’s syntax is similar to C or C++ but it is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management.
Bob2 - Revised version of Bob derived from the Nuon work at VM Labs
Boba - A general purpose statically-typed concatenative programming language. Key features include:
Expressive, mostly implicit static types and kinds
Language-incorporated unit and property tests + runners
Algebraic effects via scoped effect handlers
Algebraic data types and pattern matching on constructors
Compile-time resolved function overloading
Structurally typed tuples, records and variants
Byte-code VM-in-Go backend with straight-forward first-order FFI access
Familiar looping, branching, and variable definition syntax constructs
Has features not found in any other language (See a few on the highlights page)
Matches C execution speed, occasionally Bolin is faster;
Has a more optimal standard library;
Compiles 2.5 million lines per second on a laptop (MacBook Air with an M2 chip).
Boo - Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax[2] and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. Some features of note include type inference, generators, multimethods, optional duck typing, macros, true closures, currying, and first-class functions.
Borealis - Borealis is a small, elegant and consistent scripting language. Includes a C-like syntax that's easy to implement.
Boron - Boron is a scripting language similar to REBOL. The interpreter is a C library which may be copied under the terms of the LGPLv3.
Bosque - Bosque is an open-source project focused on developing a new Programming Language and Development Tooling Stack. The foundation of this project is the view that mechanization and automated reasoning, along with human and AI agents that leverage them, are the ideas that will define the next era of software development. The foundation of the Bosque language and stack is a carefully constructed core calculus and computation model that are uniquely amenable to automated reasoning. Building on top of this core calculus the Bosque language, as seen by a developer, is a hybrid of functional programming design, ergonomic block & assignment-based syntax, and a number of new features designed to simplify and support writing high reliability code.
BQN - An APL-like programming language. Self-hosted!
Bracmat - Programming language for symbolic computation with unusual combination of pattern matching features: Tree patterns, associative patterns and expressions embedded in patterns.
Brain - Brain is a high-level, purely object-oriented, prototype based scripting language, mostly similar to the Self language.
BRL - The Beautiful Report Language. A language designed for server-side WWW-based applications, particularly database applications. It is based on Scheme, which makes the syntax extremely simple yet powerful. This implementation is a Java Servlet using the Kawa Scheme compiler.
Brython - A Python 3 implementation for client-side web programming.
Bulfinch - Just a little toy language to learn about register-based VMs.
Buzz - A small/lightweight statically typed scripting language written in Zig.
β-Juliet - β-Juliet is a fairly minimal event-oriented language. In β-Juliet, the world is modelled as a set of events which have no inherent organization or order. Each event can be denoted with a symbol, such as DominoFalls, CatMeows, or SunSets, or (in version 2.0) a string of symbols, such as Address Line Six Goes High or Greengrocer Falls Asleep on Subway. Each event can cause other events to occur — these are termed consequences of the event. In addition, this causation may be conditional, but the only condition that is possible to check is: given two events, which one happened more recently?
C (78):
C2 - The C2 project attempts to create a new language, strongly based on C. In a nutshell, the main differences with C are:
no more header files (too much typing)
no includes
packages (needed if we can't have includes)
compiled per target (not per file)
more logical keywords (public/local replaces static)
integrated build system
C3 - C3 is a C-like language trying to be "an incremental improvement over C" rather than a whole new language.
C3 - C3 is a xBase language compiler for 16, 32 and 64 bit's. It generates OBJs that may be directly linked to create an executable application for Windows.
CafeOBJ - CafeOBJ is a language for writing formal (i.e. mathematical) specifications of models for wide varieties of software and systems, and verifying properties of them. CafeOBJ implements equational logic by rewriting and can be used as a powerful interactive theorem proving system. Specifiers can write proof scores also in CafeOBJ and doing proofs by executing the proof scores.
Cakelisp - A metaprogrammable, hot-reloadable, non-garbage-collected language ideal for high performance, iteratively-developed programs (especially games).
CakeML - CakeML is a verified implementation of a significant subset of Standard ML.
Calc4 - Calc4 is a programming language where everything in its code is an operator.
Calcit - Calcit is an interpreter built with Rust, and also a JavaScript code emitter. It's inspired mostly by ClojureScript. Calcit-js emits JavaScript in ES Modules syntax.
Camelot - Camelot is a language of the ML family. It is strict, first-order but allows for use-only higher-order functions. It includes object-oriented extensions, mainly for creating and using objects in an existing class hierarchy. Programmers familiar with ML or Ocaml should have no problems understanding the basic language promitives. `
Cane - A small MIDI sequencer DSL designed around vectors and euclidean rhythms.
Cant - a programming language descended mainly from E and Scheme.
Carbon - Carbon is fundamentally a successor language approach, rather than an attempt to incrementally evolve C++. It is designed around interoperability with C++ as well as large-scale adoption and migration for existing C++ codebases and developers.
Carp - A statically typed lisp, without a GC, for real-time applications. Carp is a small programming language designed to work well for interactive and performance sensitive use cases like games, sound synthesis and visualizations.
Carth - A Scheme-looking, purely functional programming language
CASL - CASL (Compact Application Solution Language) is an easy to use Windows Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that allows you to build applications for the PalmOS®, PocketPC / Windows Mobile and Windows using a single set of code. You can easily create applications that target multiple operating systems using a high-level programming language (similar to BASIC) that will only take a small investment of your time to learn. Even if you have never created software before, CASL can help make your idea a reality.
Cassette - A new evolutionary highlevel and readable tape language (unlike brainf), with pattern matching, arity overloading, modules, lambdas (rather quotes) and much more; All topped on with a simple and aesthetic syntax.
Castile - A simple imperative language with union types (and a compiler for same, with multiple targets)
Cat - Cat is a functional stack-based programming language inspired by the Joy programming language. The primary differences is that Cat provides a static type system with type inferencing (like ML or Haskell), and a term rewriting macro language extension language called MetaCat. Cat is a high-level intermediate language translation that can also be used as a stand alone language for simple application development. In this way it occupies a similar niche to PostScript. Cat is also an appropriate language for teaching of basic programming concepts.
Cat9 - Cat9 is a user shell script for LASH - a command-line shell that discriminates against terminal emulators, written in Lua. You probably have not heard of LASH before. If you really must know, check the Backstory section below. LASH just provides some basic shared infrastructure and a recovery shell. It then runs a user provided script that actually provides most of the rules for how the command line is supposed to look and behave.
Cecil - Cecil is a purely object-oriented, type-safe, garbage-collected language intended to support rapid construction of high-quality, extensible software.
ChaiScript - ChaiScript is one of the only embedded scripting language designed from the ground up to directly target C++ and take advantage of modern C++ development techniques, working with the developer how they would expect it to work. Being a native C++ application, it has some advantages over existing embedded scripting languages:
It uses a header-only approach, which makes it easy to integrate with existing projects.
It maintains type safety between your C++ application and the user scripts.
It supports a variety of C++ techniques including callbacks, overloaded functions, class methods, and stl containers.
Chalice - Chalice is an experimental language that explores specification and verification of concurrency in programs. The language supports dynamic object creation, dynamic thread creation (fork and join), mutual-exclusion and readers-writers locks, monitor invariants, thread pre- and postconditions. The language allows fine-grained locking via specifications that track fractional permissions for memory locations. The research project also includes an automatic static program verifier for Chalice.
Chapel - Chapel is a modern programming language designed for productive parallel computing at scale. Chapel's design and implementation have been undertaken with portability in mind, permitting Chapel to run on multicore desktops and laptops, commodity clusters, and the cloud, in addition to the high-end supercomputers for which it was originally undertaken.
Charm - Charm is a data-oriented scripting language.
Chibicc - Chibicc is yet another small C compiler that implements most C11 features. Even though it still probably falls into the "toy compilers" category just like other small compilers do, chibicc can compile several real-world programs, including Git, SQLite, libpng and chibicc itself, without making modifications to the compiled programs. Generated executables of these programs pass their corresponding test suites. So, chibicc actually supports a wide variety of C11 features and is able to compile hundreds of thousands of lines of real-world C code correctly.
Ciao - Ciao is a modern Prolog implementation that builds up from a logic-based simple kernel designed to be portable, extensible, and modular.
Cicada - Cicada language is a dependently typed programming language and an interactive theorem prover. The aim of cicada project is to help people understand that developing software and developing mathematics are increasingly the same kind of activity, and people who practices these developments, can learn from each other, and help each other in very good ways.
Circle - Circle is the richest C++ compiler yet. Circle describes a path for evolving C++ to meet the needs of institutional users. The versioning mechanism that accommodated the development of the features above will also accommodate research into critically important areas like memory safety. Rather than insisting on a one-size-fit's-all approach to language development, project leads can opt into collections of features that best target their projects' needs. Features:
choice types;
pattern matching;
interfaces and impls;
language type erasure;
as-expressions for safer conversions;
a modern declaration syntax with fn and var keywords to make clearer, less ambiguous declarations;
a simpler syntax for binary expressions, greatly reducing the likelihood of bugs caused by confusing operator precedences;
a forward keyword to take the complexity and bugginess out of forwarding references;
safer initializer lists, which address ambiguities when calling std::initializer_list constructors and non-std::initializer_list constructors;
lifting lambdas to pass overload sets as function arguments;
nine kinds of template parameters to make templates far more comprehensive;
reflection traits to access packs of information about class types, enum types, function types, class specializations, and so on;
pack traits for pack-transforming algorithms, like sort, unique, count, erase, difference, intersection, and so on.
Circom - Circom is a circuit programming language and a compiler that allows programmers to design and create their own arithmetic circuits for ZK proofs.
Cish - A minimal, performant, strongly-typed, and multi-paradigm programming language focused on being practical and pragmatic, yet powerful enough to create readable, performant and concise code for any problem. While Cish has as much to do with Forth as Javascript has with Java, it shares the same minimalist, performance oriented approach and philosophy.
Citrine - The inspiration for the Citrine Programming Language comes from Smalltalk (message-based, pure object oriented programming), JavaScript (prototypal inheritance), and BASIC (dynamic scope). The name Citrine refers to the yellow coloured gem and honours the short lived tradition to name programming languages after shiny minerals like Pe(a)rl and Ruby.
CLAIRE4 - Claire is a general-purpose programming language, best suited to application software requiring sophisticated data modeling, rule processing or problem solving. WebClaire adds extensions for fuller integration with the operating system and for programming web applications.
clio - Clio is a functional, distributed programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It runs in the browser and on the server and is made to be a suitable language for scientific programming. Clio takes advantage of multiple CPUs and multiple CPU cores (parallelism) by default, is able to use network resources, is easy to run on clusters and on the cloud.
Clip - Clip is CA-Clipper 5.3 compatible compiler for Linux-UNIX and Cygwin with new OO-model, FiveWin and GTK compatible GUI and many other useful features.
CLIPS - Developed at NASA’s Johnson Space Center from 1985 to 1996, the C Language Integrated Production System (CLIPS) is a rule‑based programming language useful for creating expert systems and other programs where a heuristic solution is easier to implement and maintain than an algorithmic solution. Written in C for portability, CLIPS can be installed and used on a wide variety of platforms. Since 1996, CLIPS has been available as public domain software.
Clojure - A dialect of Lisp, and shares with Lisp the code-as-data philosophy and a powerful macro system. Clojure is predominantly a functional programming language, and features a rich set of immutable, persistent data structures. When mutable state is needed, Clojure offers a software transactional memory system and reactive Agent system that ensure clean, correct, multithreaded designs.
clprolf - clprolf (CLear PROgramming Language and Framework) has been made for simplify programming, especially OOP. It is a superset of java. The clprolf framework is available for Java, C#, or PHP.
Clue - Clue is a programming language that compiles into Lua code with a syntax similar to languages like C or Rust. Clue tries to be almost as simple as Lua (with only a slightly more advanced syntax) but adds many optional features that can make code look better or make some things (like metatables) easier to code. Clue does not compile to a specfic version of Lua: flags can be toggled to alter the output to allow most if not all versions or modifications of Lua to be compiled to with Clue.
Cmajor - Cmajor is an experimental programming language strongly influenced by C++ and C#. It is semantically closer to C++ than C# and syntactically closer to C# than C++.
Cmajor - Cmajor is a programming language for writing fast, portable audio software. Cmajor specifically designed for writing DSP signal processing code.
CMOC - CMOC is a 6809-generating cross-compiler for a large subset of the C language. It generates assembly language code for the Motorola 6809 processor and targets the Tandy Color Computer, the Dragon computer, the Vectrex video game console, the Thomson MO and TO computers, and the OS-9 and FLEX operating systems. It runs under GNU/Linux and other Unix-like environments like Darwin and Cygwin. It requires the LWTOOLS assembler (lwasm) and linker, by William Astle.
Coal - A statically typed, purely functional programming language with full type inference, totality, and simple syntax. Coal distinguishes between data and codata and enforces structural recursion.
COBOL - COBOL is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language.
Cod - Cod is an opensource concatenative stack-based general purpose programming language. Its transpiled to C and then compiled further to a native executable using external compilers like GCC.
Coderive - Coderive is a modern multiparadigm programming language that tries to make a loop even with a stagerring 1 quintillion range in O(1) by analyzing its structure and converting it into a formula and technically flattening the loop if it doesn't have a side-effect. It has less keyword and have more uniform syntax which is very easy to undertand making the source visually clean to read. It is developed to be both compiled and interpreted with a safe/unsafe feature mode for safety level ensuring you do what you can handle.
Cognate - Cognate is a quasi-concatenative stack oriented language that uses embedded comments to read like English prose. It is a dynamic language (yet compiled) and makes great use of combinators and higher order functions. Cognate aims to make functional programming simple, readable, and maintainable.
colm - Colm = COmputer Language Machinery. Colm is a programming language designed for the analysis and transformation of computer languages. Colm is influenced primarily by TXL
Common Expression Language - The Common Expression Language (CEL) implements common semantics for expression evaluation, enabling different applications to more easily interoperate.
Common Lisp - A dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994. Common Lisp is not an implementation, but rather a language specification. Several implementations of the Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open-source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. It supports a combination of procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming paradigms.
Compis - Contemporary systems programming language in the spirit of C.
Component Pascal - Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon and Oberon-2. It bears the name of the language Pascal and preserves its heritage, but is incompatible with Pascal. Instead, it is a minor variant and refinement of Oberon-2 with a more expressive type system and built-in string support.
Concurnas - Concurnas is an open source JVM programming language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems
Cone - Cone is a fast, fit, friendly, and safe systems programming language. Ideal for complex, data-rich programs requiring responsive performance (e.g., 3D).
Conflate - An experimental polyglot language for composing Python, C++, Rust, Java, and Go in one file, with typed block boundaries and optional command-manifest integrations. [AI]
Coq - Coq is a formal proof management system. It provides a formal language to write mathematical definitions, executable algorithms and theorems together with an environment for semi-interactive development of machine-checked proofs.
Core - A modern, minimal programming language. In a world in which languages add features until they collapse under their own weight, build a language that is content with itself.
Cotowali - A statically typed scripting language that transpile into POSIX sh
Covariant Script - Covariant Script is an open source, cross-platform programming language. High-performance runtime environment. Self-developed efficient compilation system. Powerful and bloat-free extension system
Cowgol - A self-hosted Ada-inspired programming language for very small systems. Cowgol is an experimental, Ada-inspired language for very small systems (6502, Z80, etc). It's different because it's intended to be self-hosted on these devices: the end goal is to be able to rebuild the entire compiler on an 8-bit micro, although we're not there yet.
Cppfront - Cppfront is an experimental compiler from a potential C++ 'syntax 2' (Cpp2) to today's 'syntax 1' (Cpp1), to learn some things, prove out some concepts, and share some ideas. This compiler is a work in progress and currently hilariously incomplete... basic functions work, classes will be next, then metaclasses and lightweight exceptions.
Creed - A concatenative language for text processing script, inspired by ed and sam
Crema - Crema is a LLVM front-end that aims to specifically execute in sub-Turing Complete space. Designed to be simple to learn, and practical for the majority of programming tasks needed, Crema can restrict the computational complexity of the program to the minimum needed to improve security
Crow - - Crow programs can be run directly from source.
You can also build your program to a standalone executable. In either case, you don't need a build system.
You can directly call C functions.
Data is garbage collected. Don't worry about what's by-reference or by-value.
Crow is statically typed. There's no subtyping or implicit conversion. There are no null references. Overload resolution is unambiguous.
I/O is controlled. Normal functions can't do I/O except by invoking a lambda from a parameter.
You can launch parallel tasks and get the result as a future.
Mutability is controlled. The type system tracks whether a type allows access to mutable data. This ensures that mutable data is not shared across threads.
Syntax is expression-based. Function bodies are expressions with no return needed.
Even if and for are expressions.
Code is flat. Most declarations are not nested inside of anything.
Expressions are type-checked with an expected type. The same syntax like (1, 2) could be a list, tuple, vector, etc. This saves you from having to write new Foo().
There are discriminated unions, including option types.
There are templates; these are type-checked abstractly, not at each instantiation.
All crow code goes in modules. There are no global declarations.
Crumb - Crumb is a high level, functional, interpreted, dynamically typed, general-purpose programming language, with a terse syntax, and a verbose standard library.
It features:
Strictly no side effects* to help you write functional code
The ability to localize the effects of imported Crumb files.
Dynamic typing and garbage collection.
0 keywords, everything is a function.
Crush - Crush is an attempt to make a traditional command line shell that is also a modern programming language. It has the features one would expect from a modern programming language like a type system, closures and lexical scoping, but with a syntax geared toward both batch and interactive shell usage.
Crystal - Crystal is a language with a Ruby like sintax, statically type-checked. It supports compile-time evaluation and code generation. It compiles to efficient native code.
CSL - CSL is a simple lisp-like macro language for scripting high-level logic and data structures in a way that interfaces easily to the C programming language
CSL - The C Scripting Language (CSL) is a programming language available for Windows, OS/2 and UNIX systems. CSL follows the C syntax very closely. It is used like an interpreter: a program written with an editor can be run directly like any shell script. The CSL scripting engine can be integrated into own applications as a macro language. CSL offers two programming interfaces: A "C" API for 32-bit C compilers, and C++ class interface for selected compilers.
Cubiml - Cubiml is a simple ML-like programming language with subtyping and full type inference. You can try it out online in your browser here.
Curv - Curv is a programming language for creating art using mathematics. It’s a 2D and 3D geometric modelling tool that supports full colour, animation and 3D printing.
Cxy - Cxy is a statically typed programming language that is transpiled to C. Some of the feature supported by Cxy
Reference counting memory manager
Compile time evaluation
Compound types - tuples, unions, structs and classes
Builtin unit testing framework
Exception handling
Standard library
Cyber - Cyber is a fast, efficient, and concurrent scripting language. You can embed it into your applications, games, or engines on desktop or web. Cyber also comes with a CLI, so you can do scripting on your computer.
Cyclone - Cyclone is like C: it has pointers and pointer arithmetic, structs, arrays, goto, manual memory management, and C’s preprocessor and syntax. It adds features such as pattern matching, algebraic datatypes, exceptions, region-based memory management, and optional garbage collection.
Cylvre - Cylvre is a strongly typed, programming language with type inference for the JVM.
cypher - Cypher is Neo4j’s declarative query language, allowing users to unlock the full potential of property graph databases.
Céu - Céu is a reactive language that aims to offer a higher-level and safer alternative to C.
C∀ - C? (Cforall) is a language design extending ISO C. The purpose of the project is to engineer modern language features into C in an evolutionary rather than revolutionary way. Java is an example of the revolutionary approach of modernizing C/C++, resulting in a new language rather than an extension of its descendents. C++, Fortran 95 and Cobol 9X are examples of the evolutionary approach where modern language features are added and problems fixed within the framework of an existing language.
D (30):
D - General-purpose programming language with static typing, systems-level access, and C-like syntax.
Dachs - Dachs is a general-purpose programming language designed to be enjoyable, statically-typed and dog-friendly. Dachs is intended to be used for efficient applications and tools development, not for system programming.
Dafny - Dafny is a verification-ready programming language. As you type in your program, Dafny's verifier constantly looks over your shoulder, flags any errors, shows you counterexamples, and congratulates you when your code matches your specifications. When you're done, Dafny can compile your code to C#, Java, JavaScript or Go (more to come!), so it can integrate with your existing workflow.
Dale - Dale is a system (no GC) programming language that uses S-expressions for syntax and supports syntactic macros. The basic language is similar to C, with the following additional features:
local type deduction;
overloaded functions;
anonymous functions;
reference parameters;
initializers and destructors;
variants;
namespaces;
modules;
concepts; and
compiler introspection.
Dark - Darklang is an integrated language, framework, and editor for building web backends: REST API endpoints, asynchronous background workers, scheduled jobs, and persistent storage. Darklang's framework is tightly coupled to the infrastructure, and as you write code you're able to develop from real incoming requests/traces.
Dark Basic Pro - Dark Basic Pro is an open source BASIC programming language for creating Windows applications and games.
Darklang - a combined language, editor, and infrastructure to make it easy to build backends and CLIs.
Dart - Dart is a programming language designed for client development, such as for the web and mobile apps. It is developed by Google and can also be used to build server and desktop applications. It is an object-oriented, class-based, garbage-collected language with C-style syntax. It can compile to either native code or JavaScript, and supports interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics and type inference. Primarally used with the Flutter GUI toolkit.
Dashrep - Dashrep™, the text-manipulation programming language that is powerful and fast, yet simple
Daybreak - Programming language that compiles to C
Derw - An Elm-inspired language that transpiles to TypeScript. Derw is a type-safe language in the ML family designed to replace or augment your TypeScript and JavaScript code - both on the client and the server. If you've never encountered an ML language before, some of the core principles - which Derw follows - is a clean and concise syntax, paired with a powerful type system.
DeviceScript - TypeScript for Tiny IoT Devices (ESP32, RP2040, ...). DeviceScript brings a TypeScript developer experience to low-resource microcontroller-based devices. DeviceScript is compiled to a custom VM bytecode, which can run in very constrained environments. [Tiny, IoT]
Dhall - Dhall is a programmable configuration language that you can think of as: JSON + functions + types + imports
Dialect - Dialect is an interpreted programming language with GUI, networking, and object oriented capabilities. The Dialect language (a.k.a. Aristar Dialect Pro) source code has been released to the public under an Apache style Open Source license. The source code is available on sourceforge.net directly from the CVS repository and also as a separate zip package file.
Dictu - Dictu is a high-level dynamically typed, multi-paradigm, interpreted programming language.
Diesel - Diesel is a purely object-oriented, type-safe, garbage-collected language intended to support rapid construction of high-quality, extensible software. Diesel is an evolutionary successor to Cecil, retaining Cecil's support for multimethods, first-class function objects, uniform access to all instance variables and methods via dynamically dispatched messages, predicate classes, multiple inheritance, open classes where methods and instance variables are declared separately from their classes, and a constraint-based polymorphic static type system.
Associative tables with possibility to delete elements
Powerful and safe class composition operation for (multiple) inheritance and traits description
First class functions, classes, and fibers with closures, anonymous functions, classes, fibers
Exception handling
Concurrency
Pattern matching
Unicode 8 support
DML - DML is a simple templating language designed for managing web sites based in static HTML files (no CGI, SSI, etc.). It has been obsoleted by DML2 which has in turn been obsoleted by XSLT.
DML2 - DML2 is an object-oriented content storage and document formatting framework. Using a fairly simple, object-oriented language and a few templates, generating different types of media from the same source content is made easy. This tool has been obsoleted by XSLT.
Draak - Draak is a Multilanguage Macro compiler. What does that mean? Draak is a compiler that has the ablity to compile any language for any platform by being a generic compiler. It reads in a language description file and uses it to compile a program. It has two parts: parser and macros. The parser replaces Yacc and Lex, and the macros replaces the code generation for traditional compilers.
Draco - a new .NET programming language under development. If you want further details on the language itself or want to contribute ideas, head over to the language suggestions repository.
Dragon - The Dragon is an innovative and practical general-purpose language. The supported programming paradigms are imperative, object-oriented, declarative using nested structures, functional and natural programming. The language is portable (Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.) and can be used to create Console and GUI. The language is designed to be simple, small, flexible and fast.
Dream Maker - The DM (Dream Maker) language uses a syntax similar to C/C++ to build networked multi-user worlds. This reference and the accompanying guide discuss the structure and function of DM.
Dusa - a logic programming language that has features of both Datalog and answer set programming.
DustyScript - The intent of this project is to write a programming language powerful enough to retain a 8/9-yr old's interest but simple enough... that the syntax can be grasped by them
DWScript - DWScript is an object-oriented scripting engine for Delphi based on the Delphi language, with extensions borrowed from other Pascal languages (FreePascal, Prism, etc.). It introduces a few Pascal language extensions of its own as well.
Dyalect - Dyalect is a dynamic programming language for .NET platform. It is lightweight, fast and modern. Dyalect (or Dy for short) supports Windows, MacOS and Linux. Dy runs on the top of its own high performance virtual machine. It compiles fast and can be used as an embeddable language or as a scripting language of your choice. It is also a good language to learn programming. Dyalect offers modern syntax, inspired by such languages as C#, Swift, Go and Rust, first class functions, coroutines, expressive modules, a dynamic type system with an ability to extend existing types with new methods and much more.
Dylan - Dylan is a multi-paradigm functional and object-oriented programming language. It is dynamic while providing a programming model designed to support efficient machine code generation, including fine-grained control over dynamic and static behaviors.
Dyon - A rusty dynamically typed scripting language.
E (38):
E - E is an object-capability programming language and platform for writing distributed, secure, and robust software.
Easylang - An easy programming language that runs in the browser. Easylang is a rather minimalistic simple programming language. Because of the clear syntax and semantics it is well suited as a teaching and learning language. Functions for graphic output and mouse input are built into the language. The language is written in C and is open source. Main target platform is the web browser using WASM. However, it also runs natively in Windows and Linux. The one-pass parser and compiler is quite fast. In the Web IDE, each time the Enter key is pressed, the program is parsed and formatted up to the current line.
eC - An Expressive and Intuitive, C Style Object-Oriented Programming Language. eC comes bundled with the Ecere SDK, providing a comprehensive API for building apps ranging from games to business, for desktop, mobile and web platforms.
Ecstasy - Ecstasy is a new, general-purpose, programming language, designed for modern cloud architectures, and explicitly for the serverless cloud. Actually, to be completely honest, it's the most amazing programming language ever. No, really, it's that awesome.
Edina - Edina - A simple stack-oriented compiled programming language. Edina is a simple multi-paradigm programming language. It currently features a JVM compiler, a REPL and an ever expanding standard library. Edina is mostly a hobby project. Due to its stack-oriented design it's a little restrictive and hard to program in, but that's what makes it fun in my opinion.
Edward2 - Edward2 is a simple probabilistic programming language. It provides core utilities in deep learning ecosystems so that one can write models as probabilistic programs and manipulate a model's computation for flexible training and inference.
EEL - EEL is a scripting and programming language, designed specifically for hard real time applications. The primary target areas of application are control engineering and audio synthesis, but EEL should also be suitable for game scripting and for adding scripting capabilities to real time multimedia applications. The syntax is C-like, but the language is higher level than C, and "safe" in the sense that EEL programs should not be able to crash the virtual machine or the host application. EEL has dynamic typing, automatic memory management, exception handling and built-in high level data types such as vectors, arrays and tables. New such data types can be added at run time by host applications. EEL compiles into byte-code that runs on a virtual machine, which means that no explicit support for specific architectures is needed for portability. The implementation is deliberately very self contained and has few dependencies, so that it can be easily integrated into "strange" environments, such as embedded devices running real time operating systems.
Effekt - A research language with effect handlers and lightweight effect polymorphism.
Egel - Egel is an untyped concurrent functional scripting language based on eager combinator rewriting with a concise but remarkably powerful syntax.
egison - Egison is a functional programming language featuring its expressive pattern-matching facility. Egison allows users to define efficient and expressive pattern-matching methods for arbitrary user-defined data types including non-free data types such as lists, multisets, sets, trees, graphs, and mathematical expressions. This is the repository of the interpreter of Egison.
Eiffel - Based on a set of principles, including design by contract, command-query separation, the uniform-access principle, the single-choice principle, the open-closed principle, and option-operand separation.
ela - Ela is a simple, yet powerful modern functional language with a state-of-art syntax. Ela combines strict and lazy evaluation, dynamic typing and features, which are normally adopted by statically typed languages, such as algebraic data types and Haskell style type classes.
elastiC - elastiC is a portable high-level object-oriented interpreted language with a C like syntax.
Electra - Electra is an esolang where you code like an electrician. Electra is inspired by AsciiDots. It uses instruction pointers that acts like currents in electricity. [eso]
Elena - ELENA is a general-purpose language with late binding. It is multi-paradigm, combining features of functional and object-oriented programming. Rich set of tools are provided to deal with message dispatching : multi-methods, message qualifying, generic message handlers, run-time interfaces.
ELFE - ELFE (Extensible Language for Everyday (and the Internet of Things)) is a very simple and small programming language specifcally designed for everyday programming, notably for the Internet of Things. While ELFE is a general-purpose programming language, it is designed to facilitate the configuration and control of swarms of small devices such as sensors or actuators. It can also be used as a powerful, remotely-accessible extension language for larger applications.
Elijah - a high-level language suitable for replacement of C/C++ and Java. (And of course any other language in existence or non-existence, except FORTRAN and NULL.)
Elixir - A dynamic, functional language for building scalable and maintainable applications. Elixir leverages the Erlang VM, known for running low-latency, distributed, and fault-tolerant systems. Elixir is successfully used in web development, embedded software, data ingestion, and multimedia processing, across a wide range of industries.
Elle - Elle is a procedural programming language built in Rust which compiles to the QBE backend. It focuses on simplicity and ease of use.
Elm - Elm is a functional language that compiles to JavaScript. It helps you make websites and web apps. It has a strong emphasis on simplicity and quality tooling.
Elvish - Elvish is an expressive programming language and a versatile interactive shell, combined into one seamless package. It runs on Linux, BSDs, macOS and Windows.
EML - Extended ML (EML) is a framework for specification and formal development of Standard ML (SML) programs. EML specifications look just like SML programs except that axioms are allowed in signatures and in place of code in structures and functors. Some EML specifications are executable, since SML function definitions are just axioms of a certain special form. This makes EML a "wide-spectrum" language which can be used to express every stage in the development of a SML program from the initial high-level specification to the final program itself and including intermediate stages in which specification and program are intermingled.
EmojiCode - World's only programming language that's bursting with emojis. Emojicode is an open source, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language consisting of emojis. It features Object-Orientation, Optionals, Generics and Closures.
emu - Emu (The EMbeddable Utility Language) is a clean, fast, flexible and free programming language. It is designed to be embedded into other files, such as text documents, web page etc
Enchilada - Enchilada is optimized to efficiently and consistently share huge amounts of data (and code) in a distributed environment. Possible use cases:
Distributed and authenticated computation/code;
Distributed and authenticated dependency management.
Enterprise - Enterprise™ is a non-deterministic-unnecessarily-statically-typed™ Turing-complete-ish™, Quantum-out-of-the-box™ programming language.
Eolang - EO (stands for Elegant Objects or ISO 639-1 code of Esperanto) is an object-oriented programming language based on 𝜑-calculus. We're aware of popular semi-OOP languages and we don't think they are good enough, including Java, Ruby, C++, Smalltalk, Python, PHP, C#: all of them have something we don't tolerate. EO is not planning to become a mainstream language-this is not what we want. Our main goal is to prove to ourselves that true object-oriented programming is practically possible. Not just in books and abstract examples, but in real code that works. That's why EO is being created-to put all that "crazy" pure object-oriented ideas into practice and see whether they can work.
Erg - A statically typed language that can deeply improve the Python ecosystem.
ErgoAI - Flora-2 (now ErgoAI) is an advanced object-oriented knowledge representation and reasoning system. It is a dialect of F-logic with numerous extensions, including meta-programming in the style of HiLog, logical updates in the style of Transaction Logic, and defeasible reasoning. Applications include intelligent agents, Semantic Web, knowledge-based networking, ontology management, integration of information, security policy analysis, and more.
Erlang - A programming language used to build massively scalable soft real-time systems with requirements on high availability. Some of its uses are in telecoms, banking, e-commerce, computer telephony and instant messaging. Erlang's runtime system has built-in support for concurrency, distribution and fault tolerance.
Eta - What is Eta? Eta is a pure, lazy, strongly typed functional programming language on the JVM. It brings two big ecosystems, the JVM and Haskell, together. This allows you to harness the best of both ecosystems to build your applications quickly and effectively. Eta's concurrency support helps you to build highly scalable systems.
ETAC - ETAC™ (pronounced: E-tack) is a syntactically simple but extremely versatile general purpose dictionary and stack based interpreted script programming language fully capable of traditional high-level block structured language style syntax.
Euphoria - Euphoria is a powerful but easy-to-learn and easy-to-use programming language. It has a simple syntax and structure with consistent rules, and is also easy to read. You can quickly, and with little effort, develop applications big and small for Windows and UNIX variants (Linux, FreeBSD, and OS X).
Evlan - Evlan is a programming language and a virtual machine, similar to Java/JVM or C#/.NET, but with many advantages. While Java and C# are essentially small extensions to the 35-year-old C/C++ software paradigm, Evlan makes a point of being very different.
evolve - Evolve is an interpreted programming language, it has been designed to be easy to use so anyone can quickly learn how to write a PC program. To this end the instruction set has been kept to a minimum and the commands and syntax have been kept as simple as possible.
execline - execline is a (non-interactive) scripting language, like sh - but its syntax is quite different from a traditional shell syntax. The execlineb program is meant to be used as an interpreter for a text file; the other commands are essentially useful inside an execlineb script. execline is as powerful as a shell: it features conditional loops, getopt-style option handling, filename globbing, and more. Meanwhile, its syntax is far more logical and predictable than the shell's syntax, and has no security issues.
Expr - Expression language and expression evaluation for Go.
F (62):
F - F is a pure functional concatenative language originally designed as an extension of False. F contains the list-operations of K3 and the dip combinator of Joy. Floating-point and symbolic datatypes are supported. One-time assignment is enforced in syntax. A theory of function-valence and -charge is outlined. F also contains a general continuation primitive $, and the pattern sublanguage of XY. G is a variant of F in which the K3 adverbs are implemented as primitives.
F# - a functional-first, general purpose, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. Developed by Microsoft for the .NET platform.
F* - F* (pronounced F star) is a general-purpose functional programming language with effects aimed at program verification. It puts together the automation of an SMT-backed deductive verification tool with the expressive power of a proof assistant based on dependent types. After verification, F* programs can be extracted to efficient OCaml, F#, C, WASM, or ASM code. This enables verifying the functional correctness and security of realistic applications. The main ongoing use case of F* is building a verified, drop-in replacement for the whole HTTPS stack in Project Everest. This includes verified implementations of TLS 1.2 and 1.3 and of the underlying cryptographic primitives.
Fabric - Fabric is a high-level programming language for building open distributed applications with strong security. Fabric enables securely computing and storing information, and sharing code and data across trust boundaries. It is being developed by the Applied Programming Languages Group at Cornell University.
Factor - Factor is a concatenative, stack-based programming language with high-level features including dynamic types, extensible syntax, macros, and garbage collection.
Falcon - Falcon is an Open Source, simple, fast and powerful programming language, easy to learn and to feel comfortable with, and a scripting engine ready to empower mission-critical multithreaded applications. Falcon provides six integrated programming paradigms: procedural, object oriented, prototype oriented, functional, tabular and message oriented. And you don't have to master all of them; you just need to pick the ingredients you prefer, and let the code follow your inspiration.
FALSE - I designed this language in ‘93 with two particular objectives: confusing everyone with an obfuscated syntax, and designing an as powerful language as possible with a tiny implementation: in this case a compiler executable of just 1024 bytes (!), written in pure 68000 assembler.
Fantom - Fantom is a portable language that runs on the JVM and modern web browsers. It features a familiar Java-like syntax, static (and dynamic) typing, elegant system library, closures, immutability, actor concurrency, and much more.
Fanx - Fanx is a full-stack programming language base on Fantom. It is an object oriented and static typing language with elegant libraries.
FAST - FAST is a new programming language, which combines the advantages of other programming languages:
FAST supports functions as data types
FAST is fully object-oriented and knows multiple inheritance
FAST has dynamical memory management and garbage collection
FAST includes library units on its own
FAST speaks Assembler
FAST knows macros
FAST has a clear and consequent syntax
FAST compiles within tenths of seconds and creates efficient code
FAST has lots of useful features such as e.g. the prevention of the Division by Zero error
FAST programs are written as plain text and then sent thru the FAST compiler. Small and efficient code is created and a COM-File results. Up to now, FAST only compiles for MS-DOS (I just have not yet found out how to assemble a binary executable for WINDOWS).
FAST - FAST: A Transducer-Based Language for Tree Manipulation
Faust - Faust (Functional Audio Stream) is a functional programming language specifically designed for real-time signal processing and synthesis. A distinctive characteristic of Faust is to be fully compiled.
Fay - A proper subset of Haskell that compiles to JavaScript.
FBSL - Freestyle Basic Script Language (FBSL) is a programming language.
It's powerful.
It's easy to learn.
It can produce GUI or console-based applications.
It can produce standalone executables.
It's free for non-commercial use.
Fe - A tiny, embeddable language implemented in ANSI C.
Felix - An advanced, statically typed, high performance scripting language with native C++ embedding.
Fennel - Fennel is a lisp that compiles to Lua. It aims to be easy to use, expressive, and has almost zero overhead compared to writing Lua directly.
Feral - Feral is a dynamically typed, imperative, interpreted language which revolves (to most extent) around the idea of minimalism.
ferite - ferite is a scripting language and engine all in one managable chunk. It is designed to be easily extended in terms of API, and to be used within other applications making them more configurable and useful to the end user. It has a syntax similiar to a number of other langauges but remains clean and it's own language.
ferite - ferite is a scripting language and engine all in one managable chunk. It is designed to be easily extended in terms of API, and to be used within other applications making them more configurable and useful to the end user. It has a syntax similiar to a number of other langauges but remains clean and it's own language. It's origins are from one of those "it seems like a good idea", the good idea was provoked by finding perl a real pain in the arse to embed (from what I gather it's easier nowadays). It started in the summer of 2000 (with various tries and fails within the pre-ceding two years). It is slowly maturing and should be fit for general consumption by the first quarter of 2003, by which point we start to add more exotic features.
FermaT - The FermaT Transformation System is a powerful industrial-strength program transformation system based on the WSL language. FermaT has been used sucessfully in several major assembler to C and assembler to COBOL migration projects involving the conversion of millions of lines of hand-written assembler code to efficient and maintainable C or COBOL code.
Fermat - Fermat is a computer algebra system for Macintosh, Windows, Linux, and Unix by me, Robert H. Lewis of Fordham University, that does arithmetic of arbitrarily long integers and fractions, multivariate polynomials, symbolic calculations, matrices over polynomial rings, graphics, and other numerical calculations. It is extremely fast and extremely economical of space.
Ficl - Ficl is an acronym for "Forth Inspired Command Language". Ficl is a programming language interpreter designed to be embedded into other systems as a command, macro, and development prototyping language.
Fig - a compiled, statically-typed, garbage collected and expressive programming language.
Figaro - Figaro is a probabilistic programming language that supports development of very rich probabilistic models and provides reasoning algorithms that can be applied to models to draw useful conclusions from evidence. Both model representation and reasoning algorithm development can be challenging tasks. Figaro makes it possible to express probabilistic models using the power of programming languages, giving the modeler the expressive tools to create a wide variety of models. Figaro comes with a number of built-in reasoning algorithms that can be applied automatically to new models. In addition, Figaro models are data structures in the Scala programming language, which is interoperable with Java, and can be constructed, manipulated, and used directly within any Scala or Java program.
FIJI - FIJI the ForthIsh Java Interpreter is an interactive environment with a procedural syntax similar to the Forth programming language. FIJI can load, introspect, and execute Java classes and methods. FIJI's main use is for unit and component testing of Java, or for an interpreter in an all-Java environment.
Finch - Finch is a simple bytecode interpreted, purely object-oriented, prototype-based, dynamically-typed programming language. It's mostly inspired by Smalltalk, Self, and Javascript.
Finitio - Finitio is a data language. For now, it is limited to a data definition language (DDL). Think "JSON/XML schema", but a slightly different way, that puts the emphasis on precision. Finitio comes with a dedicated type system for defining data and a theory, called information contracts, for interoperability with programming and data exchange languages.
FiveTran - Fivetran, a FORTRAN language targeting Mako. Mako is an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games.
FixScript - FixScript is an extensible scripting language designed for simple implementation and strong support for both backward and forward compatibility. You can use FixScript both as a standalone and embedded programming language. You can build standalone native executables for any supported platform from every platform. The best results are obtained when combined with the C language to get a very powerful tool. This way you can use the best of the two worlds, using the language for the high-level stuff and C doing the interoperability and fast stuff while having a good integration between both languages.
Flavor - Flavor (Formal Language for Audio-Visual Object Representation) is an object-oriented media representation language designed for simplifying the development of applications that involve a significant media processing component (encoding, decoding, editing, manipulation, etc.). It provides a formal way for describing any coded audio-visual or general multimedia bitstream, and it comes with a translator that can automatically generate C++/Java code from the Flavor description. The generated code can readily be used as a bitstream parser, generator or tracing tool.
Fleng - This software is an implementation of "FLENG", a low level concurrent logic programming language descended from Prolog. A compiler is provided to translate programs written in FLENG into assembly language which can subsequently be compiled and linked into a binary executable.
Flix - Next-generation reliable, safe, concise, and functional-first programming language. Flix is a principled functional, imperative, and logic programming language developed at Aarhus University, at the University of Waterloo, and by a community of open source contributors. Flix is inspired by OCaml and Haskell with ideas from Rust and Scala. Flix looks like Scala, but its type system is based on Hindley-Milner. Two unique features of Flix are its polymorphic effect system and its support for first-class Datalog constraints. Flix compiles JVM bytecode, runs on the Java Virtual Machine, and supports full tail call elimination. A VSCode plugin for Flix is available.
Florid - FLORID (F-LOgic Reasoning In Databases) is a deductive object-oriented database system employing F-Logic as data definition and query language. The development was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project La 598/3-2). With the increasing interest in semistructured data, Florid has been extended for handling semistructured data in the context of Information Integration from the Semantic Web.
Flow - a safe, functional strongly-typed programming language.
Floyd - Floyd is a general-purpose programming language designed for making very large and robust programs that run really fast, while ducking many of the problems of older languages. Floyd wants to become a better choice than C++, Rust, C#, Python and Javascript for any project.
Flux - Flux is a lightweight scripting language for querying databases (like InfluxDB) and working with data. It's part of InfluxDB 1.7 and 2.0, but can be run independently of those.
Foma - Foma is a compiler, programming language, and C library for constructing finite-state automata and transducers for various uses. It has specific support for many natural language processing applications such as producing morphological analyzers. Although NLP applications are probably the main use of foma, it is sufficiently generic to use for a large number of purposes.
Forest - Forest is a domain-specific language for describing filestores.
Formality - Formality is an efficient proof language. An lightweight proof-gramming language. It aims to be:
Fast: no garbage-collection, optimal beta-reduction, massively parallel compilers.
Secure: a powerful type system capable of proving mathematical theorems.
Portable: the entire language desugars to a 500 lines core type-theory.
Formula 2.0 - FORMULA 2.0 is framework for formally specifying domain-specific languages (DSLs) and model transformations. FORMULA specifications are succinct descriptions of DSLs, and specifications can be immediately connected to state-of-the-art analysis engines without additional expertise. FORMULA provides: (1) succinct specifications of DSLs and compilers, (2) efficient compilation and execution of input programs, (3) program synthesis and compiler verification.
Forscape - Scientific computing language. Forscape solves engineering problems with an unprecedented level of abstraction so you get reliable results quickly. This high-level approach starts with intuitive syntax. Program with the same notation you use to write equations thanks to our innovative math rendering with semantic formatting. Matrices, fractions, symbols- write code using the same notation you use to think through problems on the whiteboard.
Forth - A procedural, stack-oriented programming language and interactive environment. Forth is used in the Open Firmware boot loader, in space applications such as the Philae spacecraft, and in other embedded systems which involve interaction with hardware. Multiple implementaitons, both proprietary and FOSS.
Fortran - A general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. It has been in use for over six decades in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, geophysics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.
FreeBASIC - FreeBASIC is a completely free, open-source, multi-platform BASIC compiler, with syntax similar to MS-QuickBASIC, that adds new features such as pointers, object orientation, unsigned data types, inline assembly, and many others.
FreeOberon - Cross-platform IDE for development in Oberon programming language made in the classical FreePascal-like pseudo-graphic style.
FreePascal - Free Pascal is a mature, versatile, open source Pascal compiler. It can target many processor architectures: Intel x86 (16 and 32 bit), AMD64/x86-64, PowerPC, PowerPC64, SPARC, SPARC64, ARM, AArch64, MIPS, Motorola 68k, AVR, and the JVM. Supported operating systems include Windows (16/32/64 bit, CE, and native NT), Linux, Mac OS X/iOS/iPhoneSimulator/Darwin, FreeBSD and other BSD flavors, DOS (16 bit, or 32 bit DPMI), OS/2, AIX, Android, Haiku, Nintendo GBA/DS/Wii, AmigaOS, MorphOS, AROS, Atari TOS, and various embedded platforms. Additionally, support for RISC-V (32/64), Xtensa, and Z80 architectures, and for the LLVM compiler infrastructure is available in the development version. Additionally, the Free Pascal team maintains a transpiler for pascal to Javascript called pas2js.
Frege - Frege is a Haskell for the JVM. It brings purely functional programing to the Java platform. Like any Haskell, it is purely functional, enjoys a strong static type system with global type inference and non-strict - also known as lazy - evaluation. Frege compiles to Java, runs on the JVM, and uses any Java library you want. It can be used inside any Java project.
Frenetic - Frenetic is an open-source Software Defined Network (SDN) controller platform designed to make SDN programming easy, modular, and semantically correct
friend - 1)Compiler/interpreter for a simple OO language. The language allows to use networking very easily, including such protocols as TCP, UDP, Raw Sockets 2) Library for reading/manipulating Java bytecode
Frost - Frost is a high-level, general-purpose multiparadigm programming language
FScript - FScript is an extremely simple scripting language. Its intended use is as an embedded language in other Java programs. It is very simple to embed - it can be as simple as sub-classing one class to add your own functionality. However is not a complete programming language, as it has no library of standard functions (such as IO and string processing). FScript supplies a base functionality (such as flow control, variable handling and basic math operations) that can extended by the host application.
Ftwalk - Ftwalk is a general purpose script programming language. It is based on the concepts of Awk, but has been extended to support features such as are found in languages like Perl, Python, and Ruby.
FUN - FUN is a simple, structured, imperative, dynamic, object-oriented, functional and high-level programming language. FUN was developed by Wisdom ZHANG in 2010 as a scripting language to reuse resources of Pascal. FUN's syntax is simple and clear, it comes from Ada and was changed for easy to use and input. FUN's exception handling syntax is similar to Delphi. FUN is dynamic typing and supports type conversions automatically when needed. FUN supports class-based object-oriented programming. FUN supports first-class functions functional programming, looks like Lisp and Javascript. FUN implements a simple and lightweight reference counting garbage collector. FUN's regular expressions handling is Perl-Compatible. FUN provides simple and powerful list process, it looks like arrays, associative arrays, hash tables, dictionaries or mappings too.
Funnel - Funnel is a programming language based on Functional Nets. Functional Nets combine key ideas of functional programming and Petri nets to yield a simple and general programming notation. They have their theoretical foundation in Join calculus.
Fusion - Fusion is a programming language which can be translated automatically to C, C++, C#, D, Java, JavaScript, Python, Swift, TypeScript and OpenCL C. Instead of writing code in all these languages, you can write it once in Fusion. [Transpiler]
Futhark - High-performance purely functional data-parallel array programming on the GPU. Futhark is a small programming language designed to be compiled to efficient parallel code. It is a statically typed, data-parallel, and purely functional array language in the ML family, and comes with a heavily optimising ahead-of-time compiler that presently generates GPU code via CUDA and OpenCL, although the language itself is hardware-agnostic and can also run on multicore CPUs.
Fux - Flawless Unambiguous Programming - A Modern, Flexible Programming Language for All. Fux is a modern and flexible programming language, perfect for use in a variety of domains by both novice and expert developers. With its efficient use of LLVM, it provides performance similar to C++, while being portable and running on a wide range of platforms.
Fuzion - A language with a focus on safety and performance. It unifies concepts found in other programming languages to improve productivity and shall provide tools for performance and correctness.
Fuzuli - JFuzuli is the JVM implementation of our programming language Fuzuli which is based on LISP syntax and Algol family programming logic. Fuzuli is a modern collaboration of these two separate family of languages.
G (47):
G - A fast, easy syntex, tiny footprint (about 2.4MB) and script language.
GALA - GALA (Go Alternative Language) is a functional programming language that transpiles to Go, adding sealed types, exhaustive pattern matching, immutability by default, monads (Option, Either, Try, Future), and immutable collections. [functional, transpiler, go, pattern-matching]
GALATEA - Glider with Autonomous, Logic-based Agents, TEmporal reasoning and Abduction. GALATEA is software to model and simulate multi-agent systems. It is the product of two lines of research: simulation languages based on Zeigler's theory of simulation and logic-based agents. There is, in GALATEA, a proposal to integrate, in the same simulation platform, conceptual and concrete tools for multi-agent, distributed, interactive, continuous and discrete event simulation.
Gambas - Gambas is a full-featured object language and development environment built on a BASIC interpreter.
GameMonkey Script - Embedded scripting language for C++ apps, tools and games.
GAML - GAML is an agent-oriented language dedicated to the definition of agent-based simulations. It takes its roots in object-oriented languages like Java or Smalltalk, but extends the object-oriented programming approach with powerful concepts (like skills, declarative definitions or agent migration) to allow for a better expressivity in models.
GDScript - Scripting language built into the Godot game engine. GDScript is a high-level, dynamically typed programming language used to create content. It uses a syntax similar to Python (blocks are indent-based and many keywords are similar). Its goal is to be optimized for and tightly integrated with Godot Engine, allowing great flexibility for content creation and integration.
Gecho - Simple stack language in C. Has a few basic commands; working to implement a while loop and user-defined functions. If statement would be nice.
Gene - Gene is a common purpose programming language. It is inspired by languages such as object pascal, C++, sql and EBNF languages such as Coco/R, lex and yacc and is a pure object oriented language. It is therefor ideally suited for applications that process a lot of sequential input and output such as scanners, parsers and data generators. Gene also has build in support for container objects (objects that manage a list of other objects such as arrays, linked lists, queues, sql tables,...).
GeneralScript - GeneralScript is a lightweight general purpose scripting engine which provides Scheme like syntax.
Genesis - Genesis is an interpreted, procedural, and Turing-complete Paleo-Hebrew programming language. Diacritical signs are forgone for simplification, though maybe Nikud can be used in prospect as a means for more reserved keywords.
genyris - Inspired by the Semantic Web, Genyris presents a new programming paradigm. Objects can belong to multiple classes independent from construction. Indentation reduces parentheses yet retains the power of Lisp. External Java libraries can be imported.
Objects can belong to multiple classes
Classes are assigned to objects after construction
Indentation syntax reduces parentheses
Use Java class libraries like Swing
100% Java
Multi-tasking
Higher order functions and macros
Indented syntax
GF - GF, Grammatical Framework, is a programming language for multilingual grammar applications. It is
a special-purpose language for grammars, like YACC, Bison, Happy, BNFC, but not restricted to programming languages
a functional programming language, like Haskell, Lisp, OCaml, SML, Scheme, but specialized to grammar writing
a development platform for natural language grammars, like LKB, XLE, Regulus, but based on functional programming and type theory
a categorial grammar formalism, like ACG, CCG, but specialized for multilingual grammars,
a logical framework, like Agda, Coq, Isabelle, but equipped with concrete syntax in addition to logic
a platform for machine translation, like Moses, Apertium, but based on deep structural analysis (and usually applied for limited fragments of language).
ghūl - ghūl is a general-purpose, statically-typed, managed programming language. It supports object-oriented programming with functional elements through a quirky syntax reminiscent of ALGOL 68 and Pascal that aims to be both expressive and readable. The language targets .NET and interoperates with the .NET ecosystem. The self-hosting ghūl compiler, written entirely in ghūl, shows the language's capabilities and dogfooding philosophy.
GIMI - This is GIMI, the Graphical Interfaced Multitasking Interpreter. One of the few GUIs made in QuickBASIC featuring multitasking. This one has its own script language for making programs, damm fast SVGA modes, lots of programs, and more!
Giml - A functional programming language with emphasis on structural typing.
Gleam - Gleam is a type safe functional programming language for building scalable concurrent systems. It compiles to Erlang and has straightforward interop with other BEAM languages such as Erlang, Elixir and LFE.
Glee - The Glee Programming Language is a new vector oriented interpretive computer programming tool. It is inspired by array oriented languages like APL, J, and K. It attempts to deliver many of the useful and powerful features of those languages for manipulating numeric data. Further, it strives to provide new functionality for consistent and powerful manipulation of character data. It is targeted at applications where languages like PERL, Python, and Java have found secure homes. These are all scalar languages so Glee has something new to bring to the party ... vector processing.
Glide - Glide is a statically (and dynamically) typed language designed to make reading and writing data transformations easier. [refinement types]
GLMS - A scripting language focused on linear algebra, heavily inspired by GLSL and JavaScript. [algebra, shaders]
Gluon - Gluon is a static, type inferred and embeddabble language written in Rust.
gnarly - Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Typed Programming Language
Go+ - The Go+ programming language is designed for engineering, STEM education, and data science.
A static typed language.
The simplest engineering language that can be mastered by children (script-like style).
Performance: as fast as Go (Go+'s main backend compiles to human-readable Go).
Fully compatible with Go and can mix Go/Go+ code in the same package (see Go/Go+ hybrid programming).
No DSL (Domain Specific Language) support, but it's Specific Domain Friendly (see DSL vs. SDF).
Support Go code generation (main backend) and bytecode backend (REPL: see iGo+).
Simplest way to interaction with C (cgo is supported but not recommended).
Powerful built-in data processing capabilities.
Goal - Goal is an embeddable array programming language with a bytecode interpreter, written in Go. It provides both a command line intepreter (that can be used in the REPL), and a library interface. The core features are mostly there and tested, so Goal is usable both for writing useful short scripts and playing with the REPL. User testing and bug reports are welcome! Like in most array programming languages, Goal's builtins vectorize operations on immutable arrays, and encourage a functional style for control and data transformations, supported by a simple dynamic type system with little abstraction, and mutable variables (but no mutable values).
goaldi - Goaldi is a new general-purpose programming language that combines the goal-directed evaluation model of the Icon language with modern features such as concurrency, objects, closures, and Unicode support. While Goaldi will look familiar to Icon programmers, it is not upwards compatible.
Goby - Goby is an object-oriented interpreter language deeply inspired by Ruby as well as its core implementation by 100% pure Go. Moreover, it has standard libraries to provide several features such as the Plugin system. Note that we do not intend to reproduce whole of the honorable works of Ruby syntax/implementation/libraries.
Gofolio - the programming language for the ATARI portfolio
Golo - The world didn’t need another JVM language. So we built yet another one. A simple one.
Gosu - Gosu is a pragmatic programming language for the JVM. It has been designed with Java developers in mind by providing a set of features that allow them to be more productive without sacrificing the benefits of Java's simple syntax and type-safety. Gosu is an object oriented language with a sprinkle of functional programming features.
GPP - GPP is a general-purpose preprocessor with customizable syntax, suitable for a wide range of preprocessing tasks. Its independence from any one programming language makes it much more versatile than the C preprocessor (cpp), while its syntax is lighter and more flexible than that of GNU m4. There are built-in macros for use with C/C++, LaTeX, HTML, XHTML, and Prolog files.
GrADS - The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) is an interactive desktop tool that is used for easy access, manipulation, and visualization of earth science data. GrADS has two data models for handling gridded and station data. GrADS supports many data file formats, including binary (stream or sequential), GRIB (version 1 and 2), NetCDF, HDF (version 4 and 5), and BUFR (for station data). GrADS has been implemented worldwide on a variety of commonly used operating systems and is freely distributed over the Internet.
Gravity - Gravity is a powerful, dynamically typed, lightweight, embeddable programming language written in C without any external dependencies (except for stdlib). It is a class-based concurrent scripting language with modern Swift-like syntax.
Gremlin - Gremlin is a domain specific language for traversing property graphs. Gremlin makes use of Pipes to perform complex graph traversals. This language has application in the areas of graph query, analysis, and manipulation. Connectors, provided by Blueprints, exist for the following graph management systems:
Gren - Gren is a pure functional programming language that is easy to learn, but powerful in use.
Gri - Gri is a language for scientific graphics programming. The word "language" is important: Gri is command-driven, not point/click. Gri can make x-y graphs, contour graphs, and image graphs, in PostScript and (someday) SVG formats. Control is provided over all aspects of drawing, e.g. line widths, colors, and fonts. A TeX-like syntax provides common mathematical symbols.
Groovy - Groovy is a powerful, optionally typed and dynamic language, with static-typing and static compilation capabilities, for the Java platform aimed at improving developer productivity thanks to a concise, familiar and easy to learn syntax. It integrates smoothly with any Java program, and immediately delivers to your application powerful features, including scripting capabilities, Domain-Specific Language authoring, runtime and compile-time meta-programming and functional programming.
Gui4Cli - Gui4Cli is an interpreted, untyped, procedural programming language for easily creating Windows apps. It has a wide set of commands, it can be easily extended and can create self-standing executables. It is Event-driven, and intuitive and geared to creating stand-alone guis or interfaces for other, console driven programs (as it's name implies). The new version can also handle Unicode.
Guile - Guile is designed to help programmers create flexible applications that can be extended by users or other programmers with plug-ins, modules, or scripts. With Guile you can create applications and games for the desktop, the Web, the command-line, and more.
gura - A programming language that comes with powerful operation on iterators.
GvR - Guido van Robot, or GvR for short, is a programming language and free software application designed to introduce beginners to the fundamentals of programming. GvR runs on Windows, Macintosh, and GNU/Linux, in a variety of languages! It's great in both the classroom and the home as a way of introducing people to the basic concepts of programming.
Gwion - A strongly-timed programming language aimed at music creation. Heavily inspired by ChucK.
GYS - GYS has built-in lexical and expression analyzer, but during interpretation it calls different user code for executing commands, operators, conversions and value getting. The interpreter is fully runtime - it reads code and interprets it at once. GYS doesn't generate any intermediate code. User doesn't have to use stack to implement his GYS-derived script language. The "abstract" GYS interpreter can be called within application to execute the script according to the designed language definition and functionality. The library provides an easy and clear way to define a scipt language interpreter step-by-step: developer can define next language elements:
GZigZag - Zzstructure is a way of representing the structure of information. Compared with the previous ways, Zzstructure is very different, for example the concepts of 'file', 'folder' and 'application' are abandoned. Because of this a bit of fantasy, creativity and an ability to forget previous knowledge is needed in order to understand Zzstructure. A Zzstructure structure consists of cells and dimensions. A cell is the basic unit of information of a Zzstructure structure. Cells containing related information can be connected with each other along dimensions, the number of which is unlimited. A Zzstructure structure is separate from its visualisation (= the way the data is presented on the screen), which means that a Zzstructure structure can have many visualisations designed for different purposes.
Gödel - Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language in the family of logic programming languages. It is a strongly typed language, the type system being based on many-sorted logic with parametric polymorphism. It has a module system. Gödel supports infinite precision integers, infinite precision rationals, and also floating-point numbers. It can solve constraints over finite domains of integers and also linear rational constraints. It supports processing of finite sets. It also has a flexible computation rule and a pruning operator which generalises the commit of the concurrent logic programming languages. Considerable emphasis is placed on Gödel's meta- logical facilities which provide significant support for meta-programs that do analysis, transformation, compilation, verification, debugging, and so on
H (30):
Hachi - Hachi is a next-generation systems language that combines the speed and control of C++ with a clean, modern syntax and built-in memory safety without garbage collection, reference counting or borrow checking. It transpiles to highly optimized C++ for native performance while offering auto-free memory management through static lifetime analysis. Hachi makes it easy to embed C and C++ code directly in source files, giving developers seamless access to existing libraries and low-level control. It is designed for high-performance software and applications that need to run close to the metal, all while keeping the language simple, expressive, and enjoyable to write.
Hack - Hack is built specifically for HHVM, a high performance runtime for your Hack applications, and reconciles the fast development cycle of a dynamically typed language with the discipline provided by static typing, while adding many features commonly found in other modern programming languages.
Halide - Halide is a language for fast, portable data-parallel computation. Also Halide designed to make it easier to write high-performance image and array processing code on modern machines. Rather than being a standalone programming language, Halide is embedded in C++. This means you write C++ code that builds an in-memory representation of a Halide pipeline using Halide's C++ API. You can then compile this representation to an object file, or JIT-compile it and run it in the same process. Halide also provides a Python binding that provides full support for writing Halide embedded in Python without C++.
Hamler - Haskell-style functional programming language running on Erlang VM.
Happy - A scripting language with syntactic sugar for code generation. Happy has the concept of a "current output." The current output is simply a System.IO.TextWriter where all template output is directed. At the moment, the current output must be determined by the host program executing the Happy script. This is usually the command-line application, in which case the current output is directed at the file specified in one of the command-line options. A host program in which Happy has been embedded can specify any TextReader as the current output.
Harbour - Harbour is the free software implementation of a multi-platform, multi-threading, object-oriented, scriptable programming language, backward compatible with Clipper/xBase. Harbour consists of a compiler and runtime libraries with multiple UI and database backends, its own make system and a large collection of libraries and interfaces to many popular APIs.
Hare - Hare is a systems programming language designed to be simple, stable, and robust. Hare uses a static type system, manual memory management, and a minimal runtime. It is well-suited to writing operating systems, system tools, compilers, networking software, and other low-level, high performance tasks.
Harlan - Harlan is a domain specific language for programming GPUs. This project serves primarily as a testbed for implementation and optimization techniques. The language is intentionally small, in order to simplify the process of exploring new analyses and optimizations.
Hascal - Hascal is a general purpose and open source programming language designed to build optimal, maintainable, reliable and efficient software.
Haskell - A general-purpose, statically-typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. Designed for teaching, research and industrial application, Haskell has pioneered a number of programming language features such as type classes, which enable type-safe operator overloading. Haskell's main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC).
Haxe - High-level and strictly-typed programming language, cross-compiles to many different targets.
Hazel - Hazel, a live functional programming environment with typed holes
Hazure - A ML-Inspired programming language that transpiles to Typescript.
Hedy - Hedy is a gradual programming language to teach children programming. Gradual languages use different language levels, where each level adds new concepts and syntactic complexity. At the end of the Hedy level sequence, kids master a subset of syntactically valid Python. [children]
Heptagon - Heptagon is a synchronous dataflow language whose syntax and semantics is inspired from Lustre, with a syntax allowing the expression of control structures (e.g., switch or mode automata).
Heron - Heron is a small cross-platform language that was designed for ease of use, performance, and safety with a JavaScript like syntax. Heron emphasizes pure functional programming code, but looks like a traditional imperative or object-oriented code.
Herschel - Herschel is an general-purpose multiparadigm programming language. It is strongly typed, offering type inference and parametric polymorphism ("generics"). It is consequently object oriented (everything is a object, even functions), while its consequent multiple dispatch approach keeps a strong functional touch. The object model is class-oriented, supporting multiple inheritance as well as the separation of types ("protocols", "interfaces") and classes.
HGSL - A shading language that can be compiled into GLSL ES 3.0.
HicEst - Integrated development environment with graphical user interface designed for immediate results in the development of Windows applications.
Hilvi - Hilvl is a programming language that is versatile but with a very small syntax. All code in hilvl are single-argument invocations of actions that belong to services. Services are the fundamental building blocks of a hilvl program. And the name hilvl reflects how this is a higher level of abstraction than objects and functions.
Hobbes - Hobbes is built for high performance integration with C/C++ applications.
Hook - Hook is an imperative, cross-platform, dynamically typed scripting language that utilizes a mutable value semantics approach.
Hop - a multitier JavaScript also supports the Scheme programming language. With Hop.js, JavaScript and Scheme are fully interoperable and applications can mix both languages. This page mostly describes the JavaScript layer. The Scheme layer is described in a dedicated programming manual.
Hope - Hope is a lazily evaluated functional programming language developed in 1970's by Ross Paterson. It influenced the design of other lazy languages such as Miranda and Haskell.
Hylo - Hylo (formely Val) is a programming language that leverages mutable value semantics and generic programming for high-level systems programming.
HypoLambda - A very compact functional programming language for .NET. Its syntax is based on Python, but whitespaces are ignored. Everything is an expression. The language runtime is embeddable, its AST is accessible, and it compiles to portable pcode. There's a REPL you can play with, and the project includes lots of unit tests.
I - I is a programming language designed by the I Project. It has been designed to be efficient to write and run. The system incorporates many major libraries allowing the creation of major projects such as Aciqra. It is an interpreted language and supports CGI scripting through the use of the CGI for Aciv/I extension.
IBAL - IBAL is a functional language for specifying probabilistic models. Models in IBAL look like programs in a functional programming language. In the functional approach, a model is a description of a computational process. The process stochastically generates a value, and the meaning of the model is the distribution over the value generated by the process.
ICE - ICE: A new BASIC-like programming language for the CE calculators. ICE compiles a TI-BASIC-like language into eZ80 binary, the native machine code of the CE calculators.
Idle - Idle is a simple but powerful scripting language, in basically the same vein as the venerable Perl or Python languages. It is, however, an altogether more lightweight application: the basic installation zip weighs in at around 800 KB (and this includes the full documentation and loads of example scripts). At the core of Idle sits a tweaked and significantly enhanced version of Lua. Idle inherits from Lua its elegant and powerful language definition as well as a highly-optimised interpreter kernel (an extremely fast compiler is included as well). Idle, like Lua, is readily extended with additional functions, modules and libraries (which can be written either in C/C++ or in Idle itself).
Idris - Idris is a programming language designed to encourage Type-Driven Development. In Idris, types are first-class constructs in the langauge. This means types can be passed as arguments to functions, and returned from functions just like any other value, such as numbers, strings, or lists.
IENJINIA - IPL is the IENJINIA Programming Language used in the IENJINIA Devkit to write games for the IENJINIA Virtual Console. It is a very simple interpreted language with dynamic typing, static scoping and automatic garbage collection.
ilang - ilang is designed to be a new type of programming lanuage that supports different types of programming paradimes with a focus towards artificial inteligence
ILYC - ILYC is an interpreted programming language with a simple and friendly syntax, which is suitable for beginners and hobbyist. The purposes of creating such a language was for the author to practice programming and for others to study how to implement an interpreter in the .NET framework.
Imba - Imba is a friendly full-stack programming language for the web that compiles to performant JavaScript. It has language-level support for defining, extending, subclassing, instantiating and rendering DOM nodes.
Imp - Various experiments in relational programming
IMP - IMP is an "ALGOL-like" high-level language that was originally designed as the implementation language for the Edinburgh Multi-Access System, developed at Edinburgh University. It was widely used at Edinburgh University for implementing systems, teaching programming and as a general purpose programming language on many different machines. Because IMP did not see significant commercial adoption (unlike its contemporary, C and later C++), it is not generally available on current platforms. For the Edinburgh Computing History Project, which aims to collect and publish significant software archives from Edinburgh University, this was a problem, because much of that software heritage is written in IMP. The solution - to produce an IMP compiler for current mainstream Intel x86 machines.
Impulse - Impulse is a small, dynamically typed, message based prototypical language written with simplicity in mind. Its syntax and semantics are derived mostly from Ruby, Io, Smalltalk and Dylan, and it's purpose is to be a smarter 'scripting' language, with features such as trait composition, extension methods (wich solves monkey-patching), and constructor field initialization. A core goal is to keep the language, both the implementation and the syntax, small and lightweight.
Incanter - Incanter is a Clojure-based, R-like platform for statistical computing and graphics.
Inform 6 - The latest version of the Inform 6 compiler, used for generating interactive fiction games.
Inform 7 - Inform is a programming language for creating interactive fiction, using natural language syntax. Using natural language and drawing on ideas from linguistics and from literate programming, Inform is widely used as a medium for literary writing, as a prototyping tool in the games industry, and in education, both at school and university level (where Inform is often assigned material for courses on digital narrative). It has several times ranked in the top 100 most influential programming languages according to the TIOBE index. Created in April 2006, it was open-sourced in April 2022.
Ink - Ink is a minimal programming language inspired by modern JavaScript and Go, with functional style. Ink can be embedded in Go applications with a simple interpreter API.
Inko - Inko is a statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming language for writing concurrent programs.
Insanity - Insanity is a block-based programming language with powerful commands, such as file I/O, cloud variables, and much more. It is based off Scratch 1.4 by MIT.
interp - interp is a powerful programming language. Check-out the language features, then take the tour. It is targeted for Linux/Unix-based systems, yet remains adaptable to less powerful embedded systems that were never intended to host a programming language.
Io - Io is a pure object-oriented (relying on prototype-based paradigm) programming language focused on expressiveness through simplicity.
Ioke - Ioke is a dynamic language targeted at virtual machines, currently the Java Virtual Machine and the Common Language Runtime. It's been designed from scratch to be a highly flexible general purpose language. It is a prototype-based programming language that is inspired by Io, Smalltalk, Lisp and Ruby.
ipl - ipl stands for the Invocation (programming) Language, a concurrent programming language described by Karl Fant in his book Computer Science Reconsidered: The Invocation Model of Process Expression (Wiley-Interscience 2007).
IronAHK - IronAHK is a rewrite of AutoHotkey, a powerful and easy to use scripting language for automation on the desktop. It is developed in C# for .NET and Mono which brings cross-platform compatibility, increased performance, enhanced security, Unicode, native 64-bit support, smaller file sizes for compiled binaries and much more.
ironlua - IronLua currently features a working top-down-operator-precedence Lua 5.2 parser but no compiler for the time being. I do not plan on using the DLR. The solution also includes a C# interpreter, but it's all work-in-progress.
IronPython - IronPython is an open-source implementation of the Python programming language which is tightly integrated with .NET. IronPython can use .NET and Python libraries, and other .NET languages can use Python code just as easily.
IronRuby - IronRuby is a Open Source implementation of the Ruby programming language for .NET and Silverlight, heavily relying on Microsoft's Dynamic Language Runtime.
IronSapphire - Formerly Sapphire.NET, IronSapphire is aimed to be better than Sapphire.NET with its Pros, but none of its Cons. Sapphire is inspired by Conscript, C#, Python, VB.NET and Perl. It's developed in C#. Sapphire.NET is now called IronSapphire and will have improved syntax.
ISLISP - The ISLISP programming language is a member of the Lisp family of programming languages. It attempts to bridge the gap between the various incompatible members of the Lisp family of languages (most notably Common Lisp, Eulisp, LeLisp, and Scheme) by focusing on standardizing those areas of widespread agreement. It is a small language, closer to the size of Scheme than to Common Lisp, for example.
ISPC - Intel Implicit SPMD Program Compiler is a compiler for a variant of the C programming language, with extensions for single program, multiple data programming. Under the SPMD model, the programmer writes a program that generally appears to be a regular serial program, though the execution model is actually that a number of program instances execute in parallel on the hardware. [C dialect]
ispc - ispc is a compiler for a variant of the C programming language, with extensions for "single program, multiple data" (SPMD) programming. Under the SPMD model, the programmer writes a program that generally appears to be a regular serial program, though the execution model is actually that a number of program instances execute in parallel on the hardware. ispc compiles a C-based SPMD programming language to run on the SIMD units of CPUs and GPUs; it frequently provides a 3x or more speedup on architectures with 4-wide vector SSE units and 5x-6x on archituctures with 8-wide AVX vector units, without any of the difficulty of writing intrinsics code. Parallelization across multiple cores is also supported by ispc, making it possible to write programs that achieve performance improvement that scales by both number of cores and vector unit size.
ivy - Ivy is an interpreter for an APL-like language. It is a plaything and a work in progress.
Ivy - Ivy is an extensible, dynamically typed, late binding language intended to be used as an embedded command language. It can also be used stand-alone: it can execute script files from the command line or presents a read-eval-print loop (REPL) to the user if no files are given. Ivy's extensibility is based on the fact that statements are syntactically identical to function calls. Also blocks (surrounded by braces) may be used as function arguments. Thus, new user-defined statements can be added just by defining functions. Function arguments are packaged up as thunks and may have their evaluation delayed and execution environment modified. This allows user defined functions to do many of the things that traditional language statements can do.
ivy - Ivy is an open-source machine learning framework that
enables you to:
🔥 Autotune your model: Automatically find the optimal framework, compiler infrastructure and hardware for your specific use case using ivy.autotune.
🔄 Convert code into any framework: Use and build on top of any model, library, or device by converting any code from one framework to another using ivy.transpile.
⚒️ Write framework-agnostic code: Write your code once in ivy and then choose the most appropriate ML framework as the backend to leverage all the benefits and tools.
Ivy - Ivy is an embeddable byte-code compiled/interpreted language which is useful as both an extension and a command language. Its syntax is designed to be easy to learn and to be fairly good looking. Ivy currently supports four data types: integers, strings, functions and objects. Objects are late-binding storage devices which take the role of arrays, structures and simple look-up tables. Floating point or arbitrary length floating point numbers will be available in a future implementation. Ivy comes packaged as an interactive language like BASIC and LISP. You can either execute language statements immediately from the keyboard or run a program stored in a file. Ivy is also easy to embed into another program. Calls are provided to execute Ivy code and to add C function extensions to Ivy's interpreter.
IvyScript - The IvyScript language is used to write business rules, for manipulating process data and to define data mappings for Axon.Ivy. Axon.ivy is a Digital Business Platform that simplifies and automates the interaction of humans with their digital systems. The platform is typically in charge of the most precious business cases where companies produce value."
ixicl - ixicl is a runtime-mutable language engine capable of running script files or as a persistent daemon, and optionally storing program state in a realtime database. ixicl allows programmers to create the language used to accomplish the desired task, and add sub-languages for functionality such as scriptability. Control over the language itself allows implementation of security and cooperative programming mechanisms. It is written entirely in ANSI compliant C, and will compile on a wide variety of platforms. The developers have a background in ColdC and other persistent databases; ixicl will likely pick up where these less active projects left off.
Ixion - Ixion is a compiled programming language for the jvm platform, combining modern OOP and FP. Written in pure java.
J (40):
J - J is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is particularly suited to the mathematical, statistical, and logical analysis of data. It is a powerful tool for developing algorithms and exploring problems that are not already well understood.
J* - J* is a dynamic embeddable scripting language designed to be as easy as possible to embed into another program. It arises from the need of having a modern scripting language with built-in support for OOP whilst mantaning simplicity of use and a low memory footprint. It can be viewed as a middle ground between Python, a more complete scripting language with lots of features and libraries, and Lua, a small and compact language that is simple to embed but doesn't provide OOP functionalities out of the box. J* tries to take the best of both worlds, implementing a fully featured class system while maintaining a small standard library and employing the use of a stack based API for communication among the language and host program, rendering embedding simple.
Jabaco - Jabaco is a simple programming language with a Visual Basic like syntax. Jabaco enables you to create powerful software for all Java supported operating systems.
Jacinda - Functional, expression-oriented data processing language. APL meets AWK. A command-line tool for summarizing and reporting, powered by Rust's regex library.
Jakt - Jakt is a memory-safe systems programming language. It currently transpiles to C++.
Jal - Jal is a high-level language for a number of Microchip PIC (16c84, 16f84, 12c508, 12c509, 16F877) and Ubicom SX (SX18 and SX28) microcontrollers. I created Jal because I did not like any of the low-cost (or free) languages for these chips and implementing a high level language looked like a nice project. Implementing an existing HLL seemed more difficult and less fun than creating my own, so I just started writing the compiler and the language evolved on with it.
JALv2 - JALv2 is a rewrite of Wouter van Ooijen's famous Just Another Language.
JAM - JAM, a cross-platform tool for building client/server applications, has the unique ability to help develop complex applications with small amounts of custom coding. JAM applications can run unmodified on a diverse array of platforms and operating environments including MS Windows, MS DOS, HP HP-UX, Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, DEC UNIX, SCO OpenServer and Compaq/DEC OpenVMS. JAM also integrates seamlessly with the most popular relational databases, while providing transparent access to legacy systems via DRDA and ODBC.
Janet - Janet is a functional and imperative programming language and bytecode interpreter. It is a lisp-like language, but lists are replaced by other data structures (arrays, tables (hash table), struct (immutable hash table), tuples). The language also supports bridging to native code written in C, meta-programming with macros, and bytecode assembly.
Janino - Janino is a super-small, super-fast Java compiler. Janino can not only compile a set of source files to a set of class files like JAVAC, but also compile a Java expression, a block, a class body, one .java file or a set of .java files in memory, load the bytecode and execute it directly in the running JVM.
Jank - Jank is a Clojure dialect which aims to offer the best of both worlds: dynamic and static. For both of these worlds, jank uses a single runtime, so the transition from one to the other is not only seamless, it can be gradual.
Jason - Jason is an interpreter for an extended version of AgentSpeak. It implements the operational semantics of that language, and provides a platform for the development of multi-agent systems, with many user-customisable features. Jason is available Open Source, and is distributed under GNU LGPL
Jasp - JASP is a small preprocessor for Jass programming language.
JASS Tools - JASS Tools are tools for parsing and analyzing the JASS scripting language, which used for scripting Maps and AI files in Blizzard Entertainment's Warcraft III.
Javalin - The Javalin Set of Macros (JASM) provdies a universal specification that enables the assembly language programmer to easily develop object oriented applications. JASM is also portable. You can create OOP applications that run on all supported architectures and platforms.
Javauto - Javauto is an automation language, unique due to its ability to perform mouse clicks, simulate keyboard input, and perform pixel searches. It compiles to executable code that runs on the JVM, so any program you write will be cross platform.
Jazz - Jazz is a high-level programming language for expressing, in a concise and accurate way, large digital synchronous circuits. From a language-designer perspective, Jazz is a declarative, single-assignment, higher-order, lazy, functional, and object-oriented language with parameterized types and multi-methods. Jazz is strongly-typed (with a type-system derived from ML-sub) and supports both the explicit and implicit declaration of variables and methods thanks to a powerful constraint-based type-inference algorithm. The syntax of Jazz and its object model are Java-like and should look familiar to any Java programmer.
Jelly - Jelly is a tool for turning XML into executable code. So Jelly is a Java and XML based scripting and processing engine.
Jest - Jest is a simple, high-level programming language built around the concept of compile-time code generation - what is often called meta-programming. Focussing on code generation leads to a language that is clean and simple, and yet extremely expressive. For a more in-depth discussion, please see the Introduction, or read some of the blog articles as they are posted.
JFLAP - JFLAP is software for experimenting with formal languages topics including nondeterministic finite automata, nondeterministic pushdown automata, multi-tape Turing machines, several types of grammars, parsing, and L-systems. In addition to constructing and testing examples for these, JFLAP allows one to experiment with construction proofs from one form to another, such as converting an NFA to a DFA to a minimal state DFA to a regular expression or regular grammar.
Jif - Jif is a security-typed programming language that extends Java with support for information flow control and access control, enforced at both compile time and run time. The source code for the Jif compiler and run-time system is available for download. Jif is written in Java and is built using the Polyglot extensible Java compiler framework.
Jik - A readable, statically typed language that compiles to C and manages memory with regions.
Jim - Jim is an opensource small-footprint implementation of the Tcl programming language. It implements a large subset of Tcl and adds new features like references with garbage collection, closures, built-in Object Oriented Programming system, Functional Programming commands, first-class arrays and UTF-8 support. All this with a binary size of about 100-200kB (depending upon selected options).
Jinx - Embeddable scripting language for real-time applications.
jint - Jint is a Javascript interpreter for .NET which can run on any modern .NET platform as it supports.
jl - This is a small, embeddable LISP-like language. The intended use is for configuration files where it is desirable to be able to have complex configurations (JWM, for example).
JMatch - The JMatch language extends Java with pattern matching that supports both data abstraction and iteration abstraction. Patterns are not tied to algebraic data constructors as in ML; instead, a single JMatch method may be used in several modes, some of which can serve as patterns. JMatch provides modal abstraction that simplifies the specification and implementation of abstract data types. These modes that may share a common implementation as a boolean formula. Thus, the specification, implementation, and use of iteration abstractions are made convenient, by automatically finding multiple solutions to a formula or pattern.
JME - Java Math Expression - a powerful mathematical evaluator in Spanish and a structured script language, JMEScript, that makes use of it.
Joe-E - Joe-E is a subset of the Java programming language designed to support secure programming according to object-capability discipline. Joe-E is intended to facilitate construction of secure systems, as well as to facilitate security reviews of systems built in Joe-E.
Jolie - Jolie crystallises the programming concepts of service-oriented computing as linguistic constructs. The basic building blocks of software are not objects or functions, but rather services that can be relocated and replicated as needed. A composition of services is a service.
Jolt - Jolt is a systems programming language intended to be used anywhere one would use C++. It is as willing to get dirty in the name of performance. It is not willing to compromise in the name of compatibility with legacy languages. It is a language in which everything is an object, inheriting from Object, including the “primitive” types, and yet is capable of implementing many of these same types in itself. It includes features traditionally seen in dynamically-typed object-oriented languages such as Ruby, and even has some LISP features, yet does so in a way that preserves strong static typing and the performance benefits thereof.
Joy - The language Joy is a purely functional programming language. Whereas all other functional programming languages are based on the application of functions to arguments, Joy is based on the composition of functions. All such functions take a stack as argument and produce a stack as value. Consequently much of Joy looks like ordinary postfix notation. However, in Joy a function can consume any number of parameters from the stack and leave any number of results on the stack. The concatenation of appropriate programs denotes the composition of the functions which the programs denote. One of the datatypes of Joy is that of quoted programs, of which lists are a special case. Some functions expect quoted programs on top of the stack and execute them in many different ways, effectively by dequoting.
JS++ - JS++ is a programming language designed for high-quality web and mobile development.
Jsi - Jsi is a C (+/-) embeddable JavaScript interpreter alternative to languages such as Python, Lua, and Tcl
Juka - Juka Programming Language - Rapid Prototyping Language built to run on Azure Microsoft Server. Juka's goal is to be a universal programming language that can run on any platform. Juka is being built on top of .NET network and runs on any platform that supports .NET. Juka can also compile programs into executables.
Jule - An effective programming language to build efficient, fast, reliable and safe software.
Julia - Julia is a high-level, high-performance, dynamic programming language. While it is a general-purpose language and can be used to write any application, many of its features are well suited for numerical analysis and computational science.
Juvix - A more elegant language for a more civilized age. Juvix synthesizes a high-level frontend syntax, dependent-linearly-typed core language, whole-program optimisation system, and backend-swappable execution model into a single unified stack for writing formally verifiable, efficiently executable smart contracts which can be deployed to a variety of distributed ledgers.
K (41):
K - A proprietary array processing programming language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb+, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and contains elements of Scheme. Advocates of the language emphasize its speed, facility in handling arrays, and expressive syntax.
KAGSA - KAGSA is a new Interpreted programming language based on Python, the language will be practical and reliable in your projects.
Kal - Kal is a highly readable, easy-to-use language that compiles to JavaScript. It's designed to be asynchronous and can run both on node.js and in the browser. Kal makes asynchronous programming easy and clean by allowing functions to pause and wait for I/O, replacing an awkward callback syntax with a clean, simple syntax.
Kalaam - Kalaam is the first-ever programming language in Hindi and has all the basic functionalities of a modern programming language. From for loops to while loops and from functions to conditional statements.
kalimat - Kalimat is an educational programming language for Arabic-speaking children. It aims for readability and an easy to understand syntax while providing enough features to allow for complex, interesting and fun programs.
Kalyn - Self-hosting compiler from a Haskell-like Lisp directly to x86-64, developed fully from scratch.
Kantalo - It is a new programming language, not object-oriented, with the aim of being simpler and having a lower learning curve.
kaoscript - kaoscript is programming language combining features from ES7, CoffeeScript, TypeScript, Rust, Swift, C# and more. Currently, kaoscript is transpiled to JavaScript.
Kapreolo - an interactive functional programming language.
Karel The Robot - Karel The Robot is a robot simulator that affords a gentle introduction to computer programming. Users write Karel programs and feed them to the simulator to watch them execute. Karel's programming language is similar to Pascal.
KaryScript - KaryScript is an experimental language to test the possibilities of a more readable textual language. It compiles to ES6 and can be considered a much better ECMAScript
Katahdin - Katahdin is a programming language where the syntax and semantics are mutable at runtime. Katahdin employs the theory of parsing expression grammars and packrat parsing. Unlike other contemporary work, Katahdin applies these techniques at runtime to allow the grammar to be modified by a running program. New constructs such as expressions and statements can be defined, or a new language can be implemented from scratch. It is built as an interpreter on the Mono implementation of the .NET framework.
KataScript - KataScript is a simple scripting language with familiar syntax, designed to be easily embedded in C++ applications (In-Browser Demo).
Kawa - Kawa is a general-purpose programming language that runs on the Java platform. It aims to combine:
the benefits of dynamic scripting languages (non-verbose code with less boiler-plate, fast and easy start-up, a REPL, no required compilation step); with
the benefits of traditional compiled languages (fast execution, static error detection, modularity, zero-overhead Java platform integration).
KCL - KCL is an open-source, constraint-based record and functional language that enhances the writing of complex configurations, including those for cloud-native scenarios. With its advanced programming language technology and practices, KCL is dedicated to promoting better modularity, scalability, and stability for configurations. It enables simpler logic writing and offers ease of automation APIs and integration with homegrown systems. [Configuration]
Keli - Keli is a general purpose programming language where its semantics are mostly based on the pure functional programming model (as of Haskell's) which includes user-defined algebraic datatypes, case matching and higher-order functions, while its syntactic structure is strongly influenced by Smalltalk's message sending syntax, such as the unary, binary and keywords messages.
Kempe - Kempe is a stack-based language and toy compiler for x86_64 and aarch64. It requires the nasm assembler when targeting x86_64.
Kernel - Kernel is a conservative, Scheme-like dialect of Lisp in which everything is a first-class object.
Kew - Kew is a powerful but small object-oriented programming language that offers many advanced features, including proper closures, first-class variables, relations, continuations, exceptions, dynamic variables, security, transactions, persistence....
Key - a dynamic language that allowed both class abstraction and object description.
Keysharp - Keysharp is a fork and improvement of the abandoned IronAHK project, which itself was a C# re-write of the C++ AutoHotkey project. The intent is for Keysharp to run on Windows, Linux and eventually Mac. For now, only Windows is supported.
Kin - Kin is a straightforward programming language created with the purpose of aiding Kinyarwanda speakers in easily learning programming.
Kind - A minimal, efficient and practical programming language that aims to rethink functional programming from the scratch, and make it right. Under the hoods, it is basically Haskell, except without historical mistakes, and with a modern, consistent design. On the surface, it aims to be more practical, and to look more like conventional languages. Kind is statically typed, and its types are so powerful that you can prove mathematical theorems on it.
Kind - Kind is a pure functional programming language and proof assistant.
kink - Kink is an object-based programming language, adopting object system without inheritance, and delimited continuation as a building block of control structures.
Kite - Kite is a programming language designed to minimize as much of the programmer experience as possible — quick development and running time and low CPU and memory usage. As this is a new project, we're just getting things started. Feel free to poke around and learn more!
Kitsune - Kitsune is a simple prototype based programming language. Compiles to C++ for portability. Reasonably Fast. Have fun creating a new programming language. Has a good/complete standard library with a focus on games.
Kitten - A statically typed concatenative systems programming language. Kitten is a statically typed, stack-based functional programming language designed for simplicity, speed, and safety. This is an in-progress implementation of that language, including:
An interactive console for testing code;
An interpreter;
A native-code compiler producing static executables (incomplete).
KiXtart - KiXtart is a free-format scripting language and has rich built-in functionality for easy scripting. It supports COM (providing access to ADSI, ADO, WMI, etc) and thus is easily extensible. Since version 4.50 KiXtart comes with inbuild pre-tokenization system for faster loading and smaller scripts and providing some level of intellectual property protection through obfuscation. 4.60 is the first version with com implementation which allows you to use kixtart from any windows application. 4.70 is the latest version
Klaxon - Minimalist RPN language that compiles to x86-64 assembly
klisp - klisp is an implementation of the Kernel Programming Language, a Scheme-like programming language by John N. Shutt in which all objects are first-class.
Klong - Klong is an array language, like K, but without the ambiguity. If you know K or APL, you may be disappointed by Klong. If you don't know any array languages, it might explode your brain. Use at your own risk!
Koan - The design of Koan is inspired in three main programming languages: Smalltalk/Perl/Scheme; this selection of language has been an entirely personal preference but that is based on the idea of offering the best of each of these languages paradigms mixed in a clean syntax/semantic language/implementation. As a real general purpose programming language, Koan is also intended to solve real problems in real life. The idea of Koan is to focus in easy interoperability with other programs (scripting/embedded capabilities) and easy interfacing with languages like C.
kobol - Kobol is a JVM-hosted programming language that preserves what makes COBOL enduringly valuable — English-like readability, first-class decimal arithmetic, data-first structure, and suitability for long-lived business programs — while bringing that same clarity to ordinary JVM infrastructure. It runs anywhere Java runs, so no specialized mainframe environment is required.
Kodu - Kodu is a new visual programming language made specifically for creating games. It is designed to be accessible for children and enjoyable for anyone. The programming environment runs on the Xbox, allowing rapid design iteration using only a game controller for input.
Kogut - Kogut is an experimental programming language which supports impurely functional programming and a non-traditional flavor of object-oriented programming. Its semantics is most similar to Scheme or Dylan, but the syntax looks more like ML or Ruby.
Koka - Koka: a functional language with effects. Koka is a strongly typed functional-style language with effect types and handlers.
kona - Open-source implementation of the K programming language
KonsolScript - Free and open game programming language for aspiring game programmers
KPHP - KPHP takes your PHP source code and converts it to a C++ equivalent, then compiles the generated C++ code and runs it within an embedded HTTP server. You could call KPHP a transpiler, but we call it a compiler.
Ksi Scheme - Ksi is a portable, embeddable Scheme implementation written in C.
L (77):
L - L is a high-level, open-source, general-purpose and system programming language which emphasizes readability, simplicity, extensibility, conciseness and performance. The L compiler features native code generation through LLVM, and is fully documented in a literate programming style. The language and compiler are usable, but are under heavy development as new features are being implemented.
L - L is both a language and an operating environment, like Smalltalk. It is capability-secure and distributed, like E. The language is a derivative of lambda calculus, hence it is small, block-structured, dynamically-typed, and functional. State is implicitly threaded through all function calls and returns, allowing simulation of dynamic scope and side-effects. Each thread runs in its own transaction, upon completion its state changes are committed. Any concurrent threads that conflict are aborted and re-executed at a higher priority. Each commited state change is an event. Event handlers spawn new threads (repeating the cycle).
L+ - The language our compiler takes as input, called L+, supports most constructs from C (variables, branches, loops, functions, recursion and I/O) albeit with some limitations and some additions. The L+ compiler generates Java Bytecode. L+ programs can be run on any platform with a Java VM installed.
L++ - L++ is a programming language that transcompiles to C++. It uses Lisp-like syntax.
L.B.Stanza - L.B. Stanza (or Stanza for short) is a new optionally-typed general purpose programming language from the University of California, Berkeley. Stanza was designed to help programmers tackle the complexity of architecting large programs and significantly increase the productivity of application programmers across the entire software development life cycle.
L.in.oleum - L.in.oleum is an unstructured, untyped, procedural programming language. And more specifically, it's a form of cross-platform assembly language. It is oriented to the developement of general-purpose applications, especially when 100% portability, execution speed and module compactness is requested. This language has an almost 1:1 source-to-CPU instruction ratio, allows direct access to five general-purpose registers (performing basic operations from a theoretical 2 up to a pratical of even 10 times faster than memory-held variables), and if used well, is averagely twice as fast as C in pure computational power.
Laby - Your robot ant can be programmed in many languages: OCaml, Python, C, C++, Java, Ruby, Lua, JavaScript, Pascal, Perl, Scheme, Vala, Prolog. Experienced programmers may also add their own favorite language.
Lahlang - Lahlang is a fun, expressive programming language inspired by Singlish and Singaporean culture, designed for learning and experimentation.
Lake - The Lake programming language: C but sweeter
λanguage - λanguage is a dynamically typed functional language that compiles through CPS to JavaScript, packaged with lm, a low-level language sharing the same minimal syntax and targeting four independent backends: C, WebAssembly, ARM64 and a bytecode VM. A single program can be sent through all four backends and timed against them.
Lang5 - A Perl based interpreter for a language which is a blend of Forth and APL. The power of lang5 stems from its arrays operations in conjunction with the underlying Forth programming paradigm of bottom up programming.
language machine - The language machine is an efficient and usable toolkit for language and grammar. It aims to be directly and immediately useful, and it embodies a powerful model of language. This requires a paradigm shift but it comes with a diagram which explains how it works. In the documentation you will find numerous examples including the metalanguage compiler frontend and the rules that generate these pages. There is also a demonstration that the language machine can very directly represent and evaluate the lambda calculus, and an outline of its place in relation to theory.
Language Processor - I did what any real geek would do; I have written a compiler compiler. It is called Language Processor. A software that you can feed in a language definition with its semantic and you get an object that can run your program in your defined language.
Larceny - Larceny is a simple and efficient implementation of the Scheme programming language. Created originally as a test vehicle for research on garbage collection and compiler optimizations, Larceny has grown into a major multiplatform system. Larceny supports the four most important standards for Scheme: IEEE/ANSI, R5RS, R6RS, and R7RS. Development of Larceny has been supported by NSF, Sun Microsystems, and Microsoft.
Lark - Lark is an experiment in designing a homoiconic language with a syntax inspired by SmallTalk. It's very early, so there isn't much to see yet, but you can play with it.
LASIC - LASIC is a language that facilitates creating and managing systems in a cloud environment. It allows you to create scripts that describe a system, its components, and the relationship between those components using a declarative syntax. Various verbs can then be applied to the script such as deploy (create a new system), shutdown, or runAction(run some action on components of the system). LASIC currently supports Amazon's cloud environment (AWS). LASIC stands for Language for Automating Systems in the Cloud.
Lateralus - Lateralus is a pipeline-native programming language with a register-based VM, C backend for native compilation, its own assembly format (LTasm), a full LSP implementation, and bare-metal OS support. Features pipeline operators, async/await, pattern matching, and a module system.
Latte - Latte, the Language for Transforming Text, is a simple and powerful language for including markup in text documents. Documents written in Latte can be converted to high-quality HTML, making it a better language for writing World Wide Web documents.
Lava - an experimental object-oriented rapid application development (RAD) language with type parameters ("virtual types"), refactoring, and extensive static checks, that prevent inadvertent access to uninitialized variables and null objects already at programming time.
The Lava programming environment LavaPE replaces text editors completely by structure editors.
It provides an inheritance notion not only for single classes, but also for packages (= collections of related classes, which may have type parameters, too).
LC-3 - Version 3.01 of the Windows LC-3 assembler and simulator
ldetect - execute different commands based on stdin text language
ldpl - Compiled programming language for Unix systems, inspired by COBOL and designed to be expressive, fast, readable and easy to learn.
Leafscript - Leafscript is a lightweight programming language created as a proof of concept by someone with no idea how to write a language. It's written entirely in Golang, and was inspired by the speed and simplicity of Lua.
Lean - Lean is an open source theorem prover and programming language being developed at Microsoft Research. Lean aims to bridge the gap between interactive and automated theorem proving, by situating automated tools and methods in a framework that supports user interaction and the construction of fully specified axiomatic proofs.
LeekScript - Leek Wars is a programming game in which you have to create the most powerful leek and destroy your enemies!
Develop your own artificial intelligence thanks to LeekScript, an easy to learn language and become the best farmer!
Lemick - Lemick is a programming language with BASIC syntax, it's a typed and a compiled language, its source is compiled into a platform-independent virtual machine assembler that is later transformed into a platform-dependent representation by the just-in-time compiler. Lemick supports concurrent and distributed programming (multi-threading and distributed multi-threading). Rendezvous are used for message passing; replicas and ultra-weak consistency model implement distributed shared memory simulation. Extension of exception handling mechanism, including distributed version is being developed now. Lemick favors mixed procedural and object-oriented programming style.
LENS - LENS stands for "Language for Embeddable .NET Scripting".
Leo - Leo is a functional, statically-typed programming language built for writing private applications. Leo provides a high-level language that abstracts low-level cryptographic concepts and makes it easy to integrate private applications into your stack. Leo compiles to circuits making zero-knowledge proofs practical.
Leo - a HTML precompiler for static home page generation. It detects special HTML tags in your page and generates HTML code out of it
Letlang - Functional language with a powerful type system.
Lever - Lever is a loosely specified general purpose programming language, and a runtime implementation of that language. Many tradeoffs have been made to obtain high plasticity worthy of pride. To make use of this every feature is tried in practice to level out prickly details in the language before a major release.
levy - An implementation of Paul Levy's call-by-push-value language. The language has the following constructs:
integers with arithmetical operations *, +, `-``
booleans with conditional statements and comparison =, < of integers
functions
general recursion (fixpoint operator)
call-by-push-value features: return, thunk, force, sequencing, and let binding
Call-by-push-value is very precise about what gets evaluated when and can express both call-by-value and call-by-name.
lfyre - lfyre is a general purpose, compiled programming language. It offers high performance, expressive power and flexibility. It has many features found in other languages, plus extra features as creating new operators, keywords and programming paradigms.
LHDL - LHDL - while not a hardware description language, may be seen as the first step in that direction. Check out the README for more information. Also see the ChangeLog. LHDL is Open Source -- released under an MIT-style license. See included LICENSE file for more information.
Lhogho - Lhogho is a free version of the programming language Logo and a promoter of its educational philosophy. It is specially designed to be performant, miniature, open-minded and ... artistic.
Libra - Libra is a basic stack-based programming language simulated through Haskell. Heavily inspired by Porth and Forth
Libra - Libra - Lazy Interpreter of Binary Relational Algebra
Libretto - a dynamic general purpose object-oriented programming language
LIL - LIL (stands for Little Interpreted Language) is a small highly dynamic scripting language inspired by Tcl and unix shells. LIL has two implementations, one written in C, which consists of a pair of .c and .h files and one in Free Pascal, which consists of a single pas file (a unit). Also a Lazarus package for the latter is provided.
Lily - Lily is statically-typed, with an interpreter as a reference. Lily uses reference counting for memory management with garbage collection as a fallback.
LinearML - Functional language for parallel programming
Lingo - Lingo makes it easy to learn to program for Windows. If you're new to programming, you can download Lingo and write your first program very easily. And experienced programmers benefit because Lingo is quick to install and simple to use! Lingo includes a Developer Environment for designing forms, managing projects and debugging.
Links - Links is a functional programming language designed to make web programming easier.
lisaac - motivation: focused on expressiveness through simplicity; programming for operating systems; speed execution; no virtual machine; software engineering
pure: minimal syntax; all values are objects; prototype-based object model; everything is a message
dynamic: all messages are dynamic; code is a runtime modifiable tree; delayed evaluation block; differential inheritance; dynamic and multiple inheritance
security: strong type; design by contract; genericity
accessible: small; embeddable; open source
inspiration: self; smallTalk; Eiffel; C (for hardware support)
LispE - A Lisp implementation with Data Structure, Arithmetic Type, Array Instructions, Pattern Matching and many many different instructions and libraries. LispE is a mix of functional and array languages.
LITTLE - LITTLE is a new programming language, looking like LISP, but pure Object-Oriented.
Little - Little is a statically-typed scripting language that combines C syntax and types with Perl's regexes and associative arrays, and dynamically compiles the whole lot to Tcl byte-codes. All Tcl/Tk facilities are available to Little, and source files can interleave Little and Tcl code that call each other.
Little - Little is a statically typed, C-like scripting language.
Little Man Computer - The Little Man Computer (LMC) is a simplified example of computer hardware and software which can be used to explain the fundamental principles of computer engineering. The LMC contains all of the components of modern computers: Memory, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), and input/output capability. A small but powerful programming language is used which allows the programmer to define a computation or operation for the Little Man to perform. By writing and executing simple programs, the student is able to understand the function of each component of the hardware. Writing, debugging and executing LMC programs is supported by a color menu-driven software package written in the C programming language for the DOS environment. This paper describes the organization of the LMC, the machine language of the LMC, the LMC assembly language, the LMC Assembler, and the menu-driven user interface for the LMC.
Lizard - Lizard is a domain-specific language to define and control hardware behaviour. It is intended to run on embedded systems which are connected to motor controllers, sensors etc. Most of the time it is used in combination with a higher level engine like ROS or RoSys. You can think of the microcontroller as the machine's lizard brain which ensures basic safety and performs all time-critical actions.
LMQL - LMQL is a programming language for large language models (LLMs) based on a superset of Python. LMQL offers a novel way of interweaving traditional programming with the ability to call LLMs in your code. It goes beyond traditional templating languages by integrating LLM interaction natively at the level of your program code.
lnzscript - LnzScript lets you automate Windows with JavaScript.
Lobster - Lobster is a statically typed programming language with a Python-esque syntax that combines the advantages of an expressive type system and compile-time memory management with a very lightweight, friendly and terse syntax, by doing most of the heavy lifting for you.
Loci - Loci is a multi-paradigm systems programming language. Or, to describe it in a slightly more intuitive way, it’s very similar to, and a close competitor of, C++.
Logix - Logix is more than a programming language. It is multi-language programming system. With Logix, each part of your program can be developed in a language that is finely tuned to the task. Featuring a procedural macro facility, dynamic syntax extension, and multi-language parsing. A new operator, complete with syntax and semantics, can be added on-the-fly with a single line of code.
Logtalk - Logtalk is a declarative object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with modern code encapsulation and code reuse mechanisms while also providing improved predicate semantics.
Implemented as a trans-compiler in highly portable, extensively tested, and well documented code, it can use most modern and standards compliant Prolog implementations as a backend compiler.
As a multi-paradigm language, it includes support for modules, prototypes, classes, protocols (interfaces), categories (components and hot patching), event-driven programming, and high-level multi-threading programming. Distributed under a commercial friendly license, it includes full documentation, portable libraries, portable developer tools, and a large number of programming examples to help get you started.
Loko - Loko is an interactive interpreter for the Logo programming language targeting MakoVM, an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games. Logo is best known for beginner-oriented "Turtle Graphics" functionality, but internally the language is actually a dynamically-scoped member of the Lisp family. As such, Logo provides sophisticated list manipulation facilities and support for higher-order functions.
LOLCODE - This is a love letter to very clever people who are slightly bored. I had no idea there were so many of us out there. (from the FAQ)
Loment - Loment is a systems programming language that compiles to native x86-64 (Linux ELF, Windows PE, or a freestanding object for bare metal) with no runtime and no libc by default, and its compiler driver is written in the language itself. [AI, System].
Looking Glass - Looking Glass is a programming environment for ages 10 and up. With Looking Glass, you can create and share animated stories, simple games, and even virtual pets.
Loop - Our vision of Loop is to provide new infrastructure specialists with a “one-stop shop” for most of the software-defined infrastructure tools that are used in home environments, and cloud services. Think of Load balancers, Infrastructure as Code, monitoring, and containerization. These tools exist individually; However, having one language that handles different aspects of virtual infra all while having your application besides it is new. We like to call it infrastructure with code.
Lox - jlox & clox implementations of educational Lox language from great book "Crafting Interpreters".
LSCRIPT - The Lcomp Scripting Engine is a scripting engine written in Visual BASIC for DOS 1.0 that can be used by a programmer to write automatated scripts to perform routine actions in DOS. It can be used as a simple automation tool or a vast programming language
LSTS - LSTS is a proof assistant and maybe a programming language. Proofs in LSTS are built by connecting terms, type definitions, and quantified statements. Terms can be evaluated to obtain Values. Types describe properties of Terms. Statements describe relations between Terms and Types.
Lua - Lua is a powerful, efficient, lightweight, embeddable scripting language. It supports procedural programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming, data-driven programming, and data description. Lua combines simple procedural syntax with powerful data description constructs based on associative arrays and extensible semantics. Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode with a register-based virtual machine, and has automatic memory management with incremental garbage collection, making it ideal for configuration, scripting, and rapid prototyping.
Luau - A fast, small, safe, gradually typed embeddable scripting language derived from Lua.
Luban - Luban is a component oriented scripting language. Luban is free and open source. Luban is named after a legendary ancient Chinese civil engineer and carpenter two thousand year ago whose constructions are still in use today.
Lucid - Lucid is a non-imperative dataflow language, designed over 20 years ago by William W. Wadge and Edward A. Ashcroft. The idea is that nearly all programming languages are based in the idea of flow of control. What do we get when we try to orient around flow of data instead? One immediate reaction would be, well, I bet it is like programming with pipes and filters in UNIX", and sure enough it is, but Lucid goes a little beyond that.
Lucid Synchrone - Lucid Synchrone is an experimental language for the implementation of reactive systems. It is based on the synchronous model of time as provided by Lustre combined with some features from ML languages.
Lunex - A fast, statically scoped scripting language for backend development, built in Go. It includes a built-in standard library with support for HTTP, file system access, cryptography, databases, WebSockets, and more. Runs on Linux, macOS, Windows, and Android. [Scripting]
Lush - Lush is an object-oriented programming language designed for researchers, experimenters, and engineers interested in large-scale numerical and graphic applications. Lush is designed to be used in situations where one would want to combine the flexibility of a high-level, weakly-typed interpreted language, with the efficiency of a strongly-typed, natively-compiled language, and with the easy integration of code written in C, C++, or other languages. Lush is Free Software (under the GPL license) and runs on GNU/Linux, Solaris, Irix, and Windows under Cygwin. Lush can be used advantageously for projects where one would otherwise use a combination of an interpreted language like Matlab, Python, Perl, S+, or even (gasp!) BASIC, and a compiled language like C. Lush brings the best of both worlds by wrapping three languages into one: (1) a weakly-typed, garbage-collected, dynamically scoped, interpreted language with a simple Lisp-like syntax, (2) a strongly-typed, lexically-scoped compiled language that uses the same Lisp-like syntax, and (3) the C language, which can be freely mixed with Lush code within a single program, even within a single function. It sounds complicated, but it is not. In fact, Lush is designed to be very simple to learn and easy to use.
Lux - Lux is a new programming language in the making. It's meant to be a functional, statically-typed Lisp that will run on several platforms, such as the Java Virtual Machine and JavaScript, Python, Lua, or Ruby interpreters.
LX - LX is a general purpose compiled programming language, like C, C++, Pascal, Ada or Eiffel. Although LX borrowed a lot from these respected ancestors and many others, trying to incrementally improve over each of them, LX still differs from all these other languages
Lygon - Lygon is a logic programming language that is based on linear logic. It can be viewed as Prolog extended with features derived from linear logic. These features include a declarative notion of state and the ability to express problems involving concurrency. Also, the availability of use once predicates allows simple solutions to problems such as graph manipulation. Although the design of Lygon relies on a delicate proof-theoretic analysis of linear logic, programmers need have no knowledge of proof theory.
LyteScript - An interpreted, stack-based programming language with object-oriented features.
M (85):
m80 - A build-tool independant framework for linking builds for a complete one touch system deployment in multiple environments. Includes a centralized metadata repository, code-generator framework, scripting language, re-usable macro libraries, and more.
Macro Lambda Calculus - lambda calculus using interaction nets, providing CLI and API. Its browserified version is available as an online demo.
MAD - Music as Data (MAD) is a live programming language/environment based on Processing.org written in Clojure. MAD lets you treat music as data and apply data transformation on the fly so you can experiment with notes and samples.
Magda - Magda is based upon the core notion of mixin as the only unit of reuse. The power of modularization of mixins is enhanced by two unique features. The first feature is the modularization of constructors. In Magda, many mixins with independent definitions of constructors can be combined without the need to copy any code and without the risk of clashes. The second distinctive feature modifies the way declarations of new methods, overriding methods, and method calls are done, in order to rule out accidental name clashes, even with respect to future modifications
of the code.
Magmide - A dependently-typed language intended to make provably correct code possible for working software engineers.
Magnet - Magnet is an object-oriented programming language, that is prototype-based to the point of real types being absent in favor of duck types. E.g. every object providing a read method that returns a readable, is considered "readable" (meaning it can represent a string). Since this causes a recursion, there must be some "primal" readable to end that: Such primal readable is also known as a String Object in Magnet. Furthermore, Magnet is syntax driven. This means: Everything that can be done to reduce code, retain simplicity and to amaze the developer, IS done!
Magpie - Magpie is a small dynamically-typed programming language built around patterns, classes, and multimethods. It has a prototype interpreter that runs on the JVM and an in-progress bytecode VM written in C++.
Maker - Maker, a Forth-inspired compiled language targeting Mako. Mako is an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games.
MakoForth - MakoForth is a small Forth dialect targeting MakoVM, an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games. MakoForth should be moderately familiar to anyone who has been exposed to ANS-Forth. The major notable differences are the use of # as line comments, loop...(break)...again|until|while looping constructs and the inclusion of syntax for inline double-quoted string constants. Cells are always 32-bit two's complement signed integers.
Mango - Mango draws on the following langauges: SETL - set operations; ALGOL - imperative block structure and syntax; C - low level ops, low overhead, maps well to machine, syntax; ML - type inference, type syntax; ADA - type inference, fine grained control over primitives; PYTHON - indentation based syntax; JAVA - interfaces; C++ - set of standard collections (STL), operator; overloading, io syntax; CLU - iterators; PASCAL - sets (bit masks); PERL - richness of expressibility; COBOL - readable syntax
MANOOL - MANOOL is a programming language designed with an idea to maximize the expressive power / implementation complexity ratio.
Manticore - Manticore is a high-level parallel programming language aimed at general-purpose applications running on multi-core processors. Manticore supports parallelism at multiple levels: explicit concurrency and coarse-grain parallelism via CML-style constructs and fine-grain parallelism via various light-weight notations, such as parallel tuple expressions and NESL/Nepal-style parallel array comprehensions.
MarkovJunior - MarkovJunior is a probabilistic programming language where programs are combinations of rewrite rules and inference is performed via constraint propagation. MarkovJunior is named after mathematician Andrey Andreyevich Markov, who defined and studied what is now called Markov algorithms.
Marrow - A low-level, self-hosted systems programming language built close to the bone. [System]
Mars - Mars is a very simple imperative programming language with a catch: all of the functions and expressions are pure. That means when you call a function, it is guaranteed to have no side-effects: it can't mutate its arguments, modify global variables, or perform input/output. But unlike other pure languages, Mars gives you all the nice features of imperative programming, like local variable assignments and loops. The compiler also automatically converts inefficient copy-and-update operations into in-place destructive operations. Mars also has some other nice features borrowed from functional programming: a strong static type system, algebraic data types, pattern-matching switch statements, and higher-order functions. Mars is an experiment, not a full-featured programming language. You can use it for playing with the boundaries between imperative and declarative programming, but we don't recommend you write real software with it.
The list of 969 programming languages that you might be interested in.
If you like exploring programming languages, or you are making your own programming language,
then it's place for you. Here you can find interesting programming languages that are not well known or promote your own programming language. Also, it's the place to look for a new ideas and inspiration. Feel free to make a contribution.
A+ - A+ is a powerful and efficient programming language. It is freely available under the GNU General Public License. It embodies a rich set of functions and operators, a modern graphical user interface with many widgets and automatic synchronization of widgets and variables, asynchronous execution of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and many other features. Execution is by a rather efficient interpreter. A+ was created at Morgan Stanley. Primarily used in a computationally-intensive business environment, many critical applications written in A+ have withstood the demands of real world developers over many years. Written in an interpreted language, A+ applications tend to be portable.
ABC - ABC is an interactive programming language and environment for personal computing, originally intended as a good replacement for BASIC. It was designed by first doing a task analysis of the programming task.ABC is easy to learn (an hour or so for someone who has already programmed), and yet easy to use. Originally intended as a language for beginners, it has evolved into a powerful tool for beginners and experts alike.
ABCL - ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System. The tenet of our ABCL research project is to exploit both paralle. lism and object orientation. Parallelism is ubiquitous in our problem domains; parallelism is not only the source of computational power, but also promotes structural simplicity/naturalness in design and algorithm. Object-orientation accompanying parallelism, enhances system modularity, flexibility, and safety.
ABS - ABS is a programming language that works best when you're scripting on your terminal. It tries to combine the elegance of languages such as Python, or Ruby, to the convenience of Bash.
ACCEPT - ACCEPT, an approximate compiler for C and C++ programs based on Clang. Think of it as your assistant in breaking your program in small ways to trade off correctness for performance.
Ada - A programming language for readable, correct, and performant software. Get started with Alire, the Ada package manager.
Adamant - Adamant was to be a general-purpose language with high performance, deterministic safe resource management, and guaranteed thread safety.
Adept - A blazing fast language for general purpose programming.
Adept3x - A language designed to help maximize developer productivity and safety
AdvSys - AdvSys - A Language for Writing Text Adventure Games
Aergia - Aergia is a programming language designed with the aim of having incredibly minimal, esolang-style syntax while still being readable enough to be considered a usable programming language.
Agda - Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language. It has inductive families, i.e., data types which depend on values, such as the type of vectors of a given length. It also has parametrised modules, mixfix operators, Unicode characters, and an interactive Emacs interface which can assist the programmer in writing the program.
Agena - Agena is an easy-to-learn procedural programming language suited to be used in scientific, mathematical, scripting, networking, and many other applications. Binaries are available for Solaris, Windows, Linux, OS/2, Mac OS X, Raspberry Pi and DOS.
Aime - aime is an imperative procedural programming language, with a C inspired syntax. It is a high level programming language, with fully automated memory management, and strong static types.
Aith - Low level functional programming language with linear types, Generalized Inline Functions, levity polymorphism and regions. Aith is a perfomant systems programming language with am empathises on type systems. As of now Aith is very early stages and very little is implemented.
Alan - Alan is a Autoscalable Programming Language:
🔭 Predictable runtime for all computations - A program is represented as DAG(s) where the running time for all computations can be predicted because there is no unbounded recursion or iteration;
⛓ Automatic IO concurrency and parallelism across events and arrays - Alan exploits opportunities for IO concurrency or CPU parallelization across machines in a cluster via arrays and a static event loop without threads, channels, promises, futures, locks, etc;
✅ Almost no runtime errors - No deadlocks, livelocks, undefined variables, divide-by-zero, integer under/overflow, array out-of-bounds access, etc;
⚡️ No GC pauses - Alan’s runtime manages memory allocation, access, and deallocation for you like Java, Python, or Javascript. However, Alan’s static event system and automatic event-oriented memory model does so without garbage collector pauses.
Alain - Symbolic logic/relational programming from first principles : structural types emerge from unification of pervasive list structures (including strings), first-class predicates enable meta-programming without side effects (assert/retract), deterministic OR-parallel search, equality and disequality through variable naming alone.
A Programming Language with Static Verification: You can develop programs and algorithms and prove them to be correct in Albatross.
A Proof Assistant: Arbitrary mathematical theories can be expressed and proved in Albatross
A Theorem Prover: It has a proof engine which supports you significantly in doing proofs.
Alda - Alda is a text-based programming language for music composition. It allows you to compose and play back music using only your text editor and the command line.
AlexScript - AlexScript is an interpreted scripting language with a fully Polish syntax, written from scratch in Ruby:
Code entirely in Polish - keywords, standard library, and error messages, e.g. jesli/funkcja/klasa instead of if/function/class;
Object-oriented like Ruby, with syntax and semantics also drawing from JavaScript - classes with inheritance, modules as mixins, first-class functions, and typed exceptions;
Batteries included - a native standard library, fiber-based async/await, a built-in debugger, and a browser-based REPL.
Alumina - Alumina is an imperative, general-purpose, statically typed, compiled system programming language. Alumina is heavily inspired by Rust, especially in terms of syntax and standard library API. Unlike Rust, however, Alumina is not memory-safe and it requires manual memory management.
Amiga E - E is an object-oriented/procedural/unpure functional/whatever language with quite a popular implementation on the amiga. It’s mainly influenced by languages such as C++, Ada, Lisp etc., and features extremely fast compilation, inline assembler, large set of integrated functions, powerful module concept, flexible type-system, quoted expressions, immediate and typed lists, parametric and object polymorphism, exception handling, inheritance, data-hiding, methods, multiple return values, default arguments, register allocation, fast memory management, unification, LISP-Cells, macro-preprocessing, a very powerful source-level debugger, gui-toolkit, library linker, and then some.
AMPL - AMPL is the most powerful and intuitive tool for developing and deploying complex optimization solutions in business & scientific applications. AMPL connects to most commercial and open-source solvers and allows you to switch easily between them.
AMML - AMML (Advanced Modular Markup Language) is an open-source markup language designed to organize large web projects through reusable components, modules, and a powerful plugin system, compiling everything into standard HTML, XML, or JSON.
AngelScript - AngelScript is an extremely flexible cross-platform scripting library designed to allow applications to extend their functionality through external scripts. It has been designed from the beginning to be an easy to use component.
Ante - Ante is a low-level functional language for exploring refinement types, lifetime inference, and other fun features. In general, ante is low-level (no GC, values aren't boxed by default) while also trying to be as readable as possible by encouraging high-level approaches that can be optimized with low-level details later on.
Antimony - Antimony is a general-purpose toy language. Its primary goal is to be simple and easy to understand, not to be efficient.
Ape - Ape is an easy to use programming language and library written in C. It's an offspring of Monkey language, but it evolved to be more procedural with variables, loops, operator overloading, modules, and more.
Apex - Apex is an interface definition language (IDL) for modeling software. Generate source code, documentation, integration, everything automatically.
APL - APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages.
APLX - is an advanced, second generation implementation of the APL language, closely based on IBM's APL2, but with a number of important enhancements.
April - April (Array Programming Re-Imagined in Lisp) - The APL programming language (a subset thereof) compiling to Common Lisp.
Arianna Method Language - A machine learning language for transformers, implemented in C. [AI]
Arend - Arend is a theorem prover and a programming language based on Homotopy Type Theory.
Argon - Argon is an interpreted multi-paradigm dynamically typed programming language. Its syntax is mainly influenced by Python, Go and Rust.
Aria - Aria is a modern, dynamic scripting language. It is meant to be a "sweet spot" language, easy to pick-up and enjoyable to use. It comes with a familiar C-style syntax, a feature set inspired by well-beloved languages such as Python and Rust and a focus on getting stuff done. The standard library, while simple, has enough basic features to get you started on interesting problems.
Ark - Ark is a tiny, fast, and somewhat useful programming language focused on runtime stability and simple code syntax. Every instruction is a single character, but it is NOT an esolang. (anymore)
Ark - Ark is a systems programming language focused on being practical and pragmatic. We want a language that is simple, easy to write, yet powerful enough to create readable, performant and concise code for any problem
ArkScript - ArkScript is a small, fast, functional and scripting language for C++ projects ; the syntax is inspired by Lisp. It's a scripting language aiming for high portability and easily embedding in C++ projects, with a few nice features such as tail call optimization and macros.
Arturo - Arturo is an independently-developed, modern programming language, vaguely related to various other ones - including but not limited to Logo, Rebol, Forth, Ruby, Haskell, D, SmallTalk, Tcl, and Lisp. The language has been designed following some very simple and straightforward principles: a) Code is just a list of words and symbols, b) Words and symbols within a block are interpreted - when needed - according to the context, c) No reserved words or keywords - look for them as hard as you can; there are absolutely none.
ASPL - ASPL is a modern programming language featuring beautiful simplicity, seamless cross-compilation, advanced mobile support, powerful C-interoperability, and so much more. It has been designed to be practical for both beginners and experienced programmers and to help you build better software, quicker.
astro - Astro is a fun programming language designed for safe high-performance applications. It is essentially a statically-typed systems language that
facilitates rapid prototyping,
features high-level abstractions with zero overhead,
ensures memory safety without a (tracing) Garbage Collector, and
supports data-race-free concurrency.
atto - self-hosted functional programming language
atlantis - a system programming language and ecosystem
Atom - is a programmable, register based virtual machine for Win32 computers. The program is a text-base console application. The VM can be programmed using a neo-assembler language called Atom Assembler. This document discusses the VM and explains each opcode in Atom Assembler.
Atom - A general purpose programming language that easy to use, read and integrated
ATS - ATS is a statically typed programming language that unifies implementation with formal specification. It is equipped with a highly expressive type system rooted in the framework Applied Type System, which gives the language its name. In particular, both dependent types and linear types are available in ATS.
Austral - A systems programming language that uses linear types to provide memory safety and capability-secure code. [linear types]
AutoIt v3 - is a freeware BASIC-like scripting language designed for automating the Windows GUI and general scripting. It uses a combination of simulated keystrokes, mouse movement and window/control manipulation in order to automate tasks in a way not possible or reliable with other languages (e.g. VBScript and SendKeys). AutoIt is also very small, self-contained and will run on all versions of Windows out-of-the-box with no annoying "runtimes" required! AutoIt was initially designed for PC "roll out" situations to reliably automate and configure thousands of PCs. Over time it has become a powerful language that supports complex expressions, user functions, loops and everything else that veteran scripters would expect.
Aver - A minimal, statically typed functional language for auditable AI-written code. No if/else, no loops, no mutable state — just match, recursion, and explicit effects. Verify blocks and architectural decisions are first-class syntax. Compiles to Rust, exports proofs to Lean 4.
Avail - Avail is a multi-paradigmatic general purpose programming language whose feature set emphasizes support for articulate programming. Avail is an open-source project that comprises a language virtual machine and a standard library.
AWKA - Awka is an open-source implementation of the AWK programming language. Awka is not an interpreter like Gawk, Mawk or Nawk, but instead it converts the program to ANSI-C, then compiles this using gcc or a native C compiler to create a binary executable. This means you must have an ANSI C compiler present on your system for Awka to work.
Axe - Axe is a modern, open source, compiled programming language with builtin parallelism, and no garbage collector. It prioritizes concurrent features as a core language construct, and provides a clean syntax to allow for writing explicit, understandable code.
B (44):
B4X - Simple, powerful and modern development tools. With B4X, anyone who wants to, can develop real-world solutions.
BabyCobol - BabyCobol is a project in language design aimed at creating a language that is, on one hand, small enough to be quickly implementable (fully or partially) within any framework that can support its features, and, on the other hand, complex enough to cover typical problems of legacy language processing. If you learn how to compile MiniJava, you stand a good chance of implementing a reasonably good compiler for any contemporary programming language. If you show how your language extension works on Featherweight Java, it has a good chance of being applicable to any reasonable modern object-oriented programming language. If you can handle BabyCobol with your tool and with your skills, you are ready to face the challenges of software modernisation, codebase migration and legacy language processing in general. At this day and age, being future proof means being able to handle software of the past.
Backlang - A new Rust, C# inspired Language for .Net
BAIK - BAIK is a scripting language which syntax is in Indonesian for Windows and Linux on Server, Desktop, Laptop and Embedded Computer, including IoT. It supports GPIO, Animation, PDF, UTF8, Printer, OOP, GUI, CGI, Databases, Graphics and TCP/IP.
Bait - Bait is a compiled general purpose programming language with a simple syntax but still powerful feature set and standard library for building reliable software.
Ballerina - Ballerina is an open-source programming language for the cloud that makes it easier to use, combine, and create network services.
Barn - Barn is a simple programming language written in GoLang and compiled to C++. Syntax is very simple, and Barn can call C/C++ functions natively so creating new bindings should be easy. Barn was written with the goal of being as fast and easy to use as possible. Barn is just a little project with which I can chill and just code.
Battlestar - Subset of assembly with an alternative syntax and with support for inline C, specifically for 64-bit x86 Linux, 32-bit x86 Linux and 16-bit x86 DOS.
Bau - Bau is a simple, concise, safe, powerful and fast programming language. Features: Easy to learn; Concise syntax; Memory-safe; Statically typed; Fast compilation and execution (transpiles to C).
BCPL - BCPL ("Basic Combined Programming Language") is a procedural, imperative, and structured programming language. A stripped down and syntactically changed version of BCPL, called B, was the language on which the C programming language was based. BCPL introduced several features of many modern programming languages, including using curly braces to delimit code blocks.
Beads - The Beads project is a daring attempt to generate a new language that will replace the current popular toolchain stack of HTML/CSS/JS/+Frameworks+Database, with a single language.
Beanshell - BeanShell is a small, free, embeddable Java source interpreter with object scripting language features, written in Java. BeanShell dynamically executes standard Java syntax and extends it with common scripting conveniences such as loose types, commands, and method closures like those in Perl and JavaScript.
Beef - Beef is a performance-oriented compiled programming language.
Benoit - Benoit is a programming language that transpiles to JavaScript, optimized for human-AI pair programming. It features inline test assertions as first-class syntax, pattern matching with guards and ranges, a pipe operator, and achieves ~68% token reduction versus equivalent JS. Zero dependencies, ~500 lines, MIT licensed. [AI]
Berry - A ultra-lightweight embedded scripting language optimized for microcontrollers.
Beryl - Beryl is a small, interpreted, embeddable scripting language with value semantics and first class functions. The main feature of Beryl is that the core interpreter can run without any dynamic memory allocation*, and it does not need to parse or compile scripts beforehand. It can also be built without any external dependencies, excluding some typedefines and constants needed from stddef.h and limits.h; however these could be provived from a custom header if needed.
BETA - BETA is a modern language in the Simula tradition. The resulting language is smaller than Simula in spite of being considerably more expressive. BETA is a strongly typed language like Simula, Eiffel and C++, with most type checking being carried out at compile-time. It is well known that it is not possible to obtain all type checking at compile time without sacrificing the expressiveness of the language. BETA has optimum balance between compile-time type checking and run-time type checking.
Bhl - BeHavior Language is a strictly typed programming language specifically tailored for gameplay logic scripting.
Bite - Bite is a dynamically typed, object oriented programming language. Dynamically typed, because the type of the content of a variable can change during runtime of the program. Object-oriented, because you can define classes to encapsulate your code and data. Bite uses modules, classes and functions to separate code.
BL - The Biscuit Language (BL) is simple imperative programming language using LLVM backend implemented in C. Biscuit is designed to be simple, fast and explicit. Language syntax is inspired by JAI.
Bla - We investigate an (unpure) functional language whose concept of environment is not implicit as in traditional languages, but made available explicitly as a first class value. This results in a semantics for environments that is best known from the object oriented paradigm, and gives us a united function/class concept in a very orthogonal way. We also look at the language as a real-world general purpose language, considering semantics (of type-inference, for example), implementation issues, and practical experience in using the compiler.
Blacklight - blacklight is a general-pupose multithreading concatenative stack-based programming language with first-class queues and objects with delegation.
Blade - Blade is a simple, clean, and embeddable dynamic programming language created to be simple enough for beginners, yet powerful and expressive for professionals. It has a very small syntax set with a very low learning curve. Blade improves upon the best features of JavaScript, Python, and Ruby to give developers a familiar and powerful system that feels native for developers coming from any of these languages and an easy way to leverage the strength of any.
Bleach - Bleach: a programming language aimed for teaching introductory 'Compilers' courses.
Blech - Blech is a language for developing reactive, real-time critical embedded software.
BlitzMax - BlitzMax is a fast cross-platform, open-source programming language.
Blue - The Blue Programming Language, A powerful, V E R Y Easy to use language, that can compile to eight of your favourite languages. A compiled, dynamically typed, object oriented programming language. Coming in at only 30 keywords, this is an easy to use language with unseen compiler speed. Blue is extremely powerful thanks to it's small, compact, file size. It was written in only 3200 lines of Haxe code.
Bob - Bob is a simple object-oriented scripting language. Bob’s syntax is similar to C or C++ but it is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management.
Bob2 - Revised version of Bob derived from the Nuon work at VM Labs
Boba - A general purpose statically-typed concatenative programming language. Key features include:
Expressive, mostly implicit static types and kinds
Language-incorporated unit and property tests + runners
Algebraic effects via scoped effect handlers
Algebraic data types and pattern matching on constructors
Compile-time resolved function overloading
Structurally typed tuples, records and variants
Byte-code VM-in-Go backend with straight-forward first-order FFI access
Familiar looping, branching, and variable definition syntax constructs
Has features not found in any other language (See a few on the highlights page)
Matches C execution speed, occasionally Bolin is faster;
Has a more optimal standard library;
Compiles 2.5 million lines per second on a laptop (MacBook Air with an M2 chip).
Boo - Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax[2] and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. Some features of note include type inference, generators, multimethods, optional duck typing, macros, true closures, currying, and first-class functions.
Borealis - Borealis is a small, elegant and consistent scripting language. Includes a C-like syntax that's easy to implement.
Boron - Boron is a scripting language similar to REBOL. The interpreter is a C library which may be copied under the terms of the LGPLv3.
Bosque - Bosque is an open-source project focused on developing a new Programming Language and Development Tooling Stack. The foundation of this project is the view that mechanization and automated reasoning, along with human and AI agents that leverage them, are the ideas that will define the next era of software development. The foundation of the Bosque language and stack is a carefully constructed core calculus and computation model that are uniquely amenable to automated reasoning. Building on top of this core calculus the Bosque language, as seen by a developer, is a hybrid of functional programming design, ergonomic block & assignment-based syntax, and a number of new features designed to simplify and support writing high reliability code.
BQN - An APL-like programming language. Self-hosted!
Bracmat - Programming language for symbolic computation with unusual combination of pattern matching features: Tree patterns, associative patterns and expressions embedded in patterns.
Brain - Brain is a high-level, purely object-oriented, prototype based scripting language, mostly similar to the Self language.
BRL - The Beautiful Report Language. A language designed for server-side WWW-based applications, particularly database applications. It is based on Scheme, which makes the syntax extremely simple yet powerful. This implementation is a Java Servlet using the Kawa Scheme compiler.
Brython - A Python 3 implementation for client-side web programming.
Bulfinch - Just a little toy language to learn about register-based VMs.
Buzz - A small/lightweight statically typed scripting language written in Zig.
β-Juliet - β-Juliet is a fairly minimal event-oriented language. In β-Juliet, the world is modelled as a set of events which have no inherent organization or order. Each event can be denoted with a symbol, such as DominoFalls, CatMeows, or SunSets, or (in version 2.0) a string of symbols, such as Address Line Six Goes High or Greengrocer Falls Asleep on Subway. Each event can cause other events to occur — these are termed consequences of the event. In addition, this causation may be conditional, but the only condition that is possible to check is: given two events, which one happened more recently?
C (78):
C2 - The C2 project attempts to create a new language, strongly based on C. In a nutshell, the main differences with C are:
no more header files (too much typing)
no includes
packages (needed if we can't have includes)
compiled per target (not per file)
more logical keywords (public/local replaces static)
integrated build system
C3 - C3 is a C-like language trying to be "an incremental improvement over C" rather than a whole new language.
C3 - C3 is a xBase language compiler for 16, 32 and 64 bit's. It generates OBJs that may be directly linked to create an executable application for Windows.
CafeOBJ - CafeOBJ is a language for writing formal (i.e. mathematical) specifications of models for wide varieties of software and systems, and verifying properties of them. CafeOBJ implements equational logic by rewriting and can be used as a powerful interactive theorem proving system. Specifiers can write proof scores also in CafeOBJ and doing proofs by executing the proof scores.
Cakelisp - A metaprogrammable, hot-reloadable, non-garbage-collected language ideal for high performance, iteratively-developed programs (especially games).
CakeML - CakeML is a verified implementation of a significant subset of Standard ML.
Calc4 - Calc4 is a programming language where everything in its code is an operator.
Calcit - Calcit is an interpreter built with Rust, and also a JavaScript code emitter. It's inspired mostly by ClojureScript. Calcit-js emits JavaScript in ES Modules syntax.
Camelot - Camelot is a language of the ML family. It is strict, first-order but allows for use-only higher-order functions. It includes object-oriented extensions, mainly for creating and using objects in an existing class hierarchy. Programmers familiar with ML or Ocaml should have no problems understanding the basic language promitives. `
Cane - A small MIDI sequencer DSL designed around vectors and euclidean rhythms.
Cant - a programming language descended mainly from E and Scheme.
Carbon - Carbon is fundamentally a successor language approach, rather than an attempt to incrementally evolve C++. It is designed around interoperability with C++ as well as large-scale adoption and migration for existing C++ codebases and developers.
Carp - A statically typed lisp, without a GC, for real-time applications. Carp is a small programming language designed to work well for interactive and performance sensitive use cases like games, sound synthesis and visualizations.
Carth - A Scheme-looking, purely functional programming language
CASL - CASL (Compact Application Solution Language) is an easy to use Windows Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that allows you to build applications for the PalmOS®, PocketPC / Windows Mobile and Windows using a single set of code. You can easily create applications that target multiple operating systems using a high-level programming language (similar to BASIC) that will only take a small investment of your time to learn. Even if you have never created software before, CASL can help make your idea a reality.
Cassette - A new evolutionary highlevel and readable tape language (unlike brainf), with pattern matching, arity overloading, modules, lambdas (rather quotes) and much more; All topped on with a simple and aesthetic syntax.
Castile - A simple imperative language with union types (and a compiler for same, with multiple targets)
Cat - Cat is a functional stack-based programming language inspired by the Joy programming language. The primary differences is that Cat provides a static type system with type inferencing (like ML or Haskell), and a term rewriting macro language extension language called MetaCat. Cat is a high-level intermediate language translation that can also be used as a stand alone language for simple application development. In this way it occupies a similar niche to PostScript. Cat is also an appropriate language for teaching of basic programming concepts.
Cat9 - Cat9 is a user shell script for LASH - a command-line shell that discriminates against terminal emulators, written in Lua. You probably have not heard of LASH before. If you really must know, check the Backstory section below. LASH just provides some basic shared infrastructure and a recovery shell. It then runs a user provided script that actually provides most of the rules for how the command line is supposed to look and behave.
Cecil - Cecil is a purely object-oriented, type-safe, garbage-collected language intended to support rapid construction of high-quality, extensible software.
ChaiScript - ChaiScript is one of the only embedded scripting language designed from the ground up to directly target C++ and take advantage of modern C++ development techniques, working with the developer how they would expect it to work. Being a native C++ application, it has some advantages over existing embedded scripting languages:
It uses a header-only approach, which makes it easy to integrate with existing projects.
It maintains type safety between your C++ application and the user scripts.
It supports a variety of C++ techniques including callbacks, overloaded functions, class methods, and stl containers.
Chalice - Chalice is an experimental language that explores specification and verification of concurrency in programs. The language supports dynamic object creation, dynamic thread creation (fork and join), mutual-exclusion and readers-writers locks, monitor invariants, thread pre- and postconditions. The language allows fine-grained locking via specifications that track fractional permissions for memory locations. The research project also includes an automatic static program verifier for Chalice.
Chapel - Chapel is a modern programming language designed for productive parallel computing at scale. Chapel's design and implementation have been undertaken with portability in mind, permitting Chapel to run on multicore desktops and laptops, commodity clusters, and the cloud, in addition to the high-end supercomputers for which it was originally undertaken.
Charm - Charm is a data-oriented scripting language.
Chibicc - Chibicc is yet another small C compiler that implements most C11 features. Even though it still probably falls into the "toy compilers" category just like other small compilers do, chibicc can compile several real-world programs, including Git, SQLite, libpng and chibicc itself, without making modifications to the compiled programs. Generated executables of these programs pass their corresponding test suites. So, chibicc actually supports a wide variety of C11 features and is able to compile hundreds of thousands of lines of real-world C code correctly.
Ciao - Ciao is a modern Prolog implementation that builds up from a logic-based simple kernel designed to be portable, extensible, and modular.
Cicada - Cicada language is a dependently typed programming language and an interactive theorem prover. The aim of cicada project is to help people understand that developing software and developing mathematics are increasingly the same kind of activity, and people who practices these developments, can learn from each other, and help each other in very good ways.
Circle - Circle is the richest C++ compiler yet. Circle describes a path for evolving C++ to meet the needs of institutional users. The versioning mechanism that accommodated the development of the features above will also accommodate research into critically important areas like memory safety. Rather than insisting on a one-size-fit's-all approach to language development, project leads can opt into collections of features that best target their projects' needs. Features:
choice types;
pattern matching;
interfaces and impls;
language type erasure;
as-expressions for safer conversions;
a modern declaration syntax with fn and var keywords to make clearer, less ambiguous declarations;
a simpler syntax for binary expressions, greatly reducing the likelihood of bugs caused by confusing operator precedences;
a forward keyword to take the complexity and bugginess out of forwarding references;
safer initializer lists, which address ambiguities when calling std::initializer_list constructors and non-std::initializer_list constructors;
lifting lambdas to pass overload sets as function arguments;
nine kinds of template parameters to make templates far more comprehensive;
reflection traits to access packs of information about class types, enum types, function types, class specializations, and so on;
pack traits for pack-transforming algorithms, like sort, unique, count, erase, difference, intersection, and so on.
Circom - Circom is a circuit programming language and a compiler that allows programmers to design and create their own arithmetic circuits for ZK proofs.
Cish - A minimal, performant, strongly-typed, and multi-paradigm programming language focused on being practical and pragmatic, yet powerful enough to create readable, performant and concise code for any problem. While Cish has as much to do with Forth as Javascript has with Java, it shares the same minimalist, performance oriented approach and philosophy.
Citrine - The inspiration for the Citrine Programming Language comes from Smalltalk (message-based, pure object oriented programming), JavaScript (prototypal inheritance), and BASIC (dynamic scope). The name Citrine refers to the yellow coloured gem and honours the short lived tradition to name programming languages after shiny minerals like Pe(a)rl and Ruby.
CLAIRE4 - Claire is a general-purpose programming language, best suited to application software requiring sophisticated data modeling, rule processing or problem solving. WebClaire adds extensions for fuller integration with the operating system and for programming web applications.
clio - Clio is a functional, distributed programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It runs in the browser and on the server and is made to be a suitable language for scientific programming. Clio takes advantage of multiple CPUs and multiple CPU cores (parallelism) by default, is able to use network resources, is easy to run on clusters and on the cloud.
Clip - Clip is CA-Clipper 5.3 compatible compiler for Linux-UNIX and Cygwin with new OO-model, FiveWin and GTK compatible GUI and many other useful features.
CLIPS - Developed at NASA’s Johnson Space Center from 1985 to 1996, the C Language Integrated Production System (CLIPS) is a rule‑based programming language useful for creating expert systems and other programs where a heuristic solution is easier to implement and maintain than an algorithmic solution. Written in C for portability, CLIPS can be installed and used on a wide variety of platforms. Since 1996, CLIPS has been available as public domain software.
Clojure - A dialect of Lisp, and shares with Lisp the code-as-data philosophy and a powerful macro system. Clojure is predominantly a functional programming language, and features a rich set of immutable, persistent data structures. When mutable state is needed, Clojure offers a software transactional memory system and reactive Agent system that ensure clean, correct, multithreaded designs.
clprolf - clprolf (CLear PROgramming Language and Framework) has been made for simplify programming, especially OOP. It is a superset of java. The clprolf framework is available for Java, C#, or PHP.
Clue - Clue is a programming language that compiles into Lua code with a syntax similar to languages like C or Rust. Clue tries to be almost as simple as Lua (with only a slightly more advanced syntax) but adds many optional features that can make code look better or make some things (like metatables) easier to code. Clue does not compile to a specfic version of Lua: flags can be toggled to alter the output to allow most if not all versions or modifications of Lua to be compiled to with Clue.
Cmajor - Cmajor is an experimental programming language strongly influenced by C++ and C#. It is semantically closer to C++ than C# and syntactically closer to C# than C++.
Cmajor - Cmajor is a programming language for writing fast, portable audio software. Cmajor specifically designed for writing DSP signal processing code.
CMOC - CMOC is a 6809-generating cross-compiler for a large subset of the C language. It generates assembly language code for the Motorola 6809 processor and targets the Tandy Color Computer, the Dragon computer, the Vectrex video game console, the Thomson MO and TO computers, and the OS-9 and FLEX operating systems. It runs under GNU/Linux and other Unix-like environments like Darwin and Cygwin. It requires the LWTOOLS assembler (lwasm) and linker, by William Astle.
Coal - A statically typed, purely functional programming language with full type inference, totality, and simple syntax. Coal distinguishes between data and codata and enforces structural recursion.
COBOL - COBOL is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language.
Cod - Cod is an opensource concatenative stack-based general purpose programming language. Its transpiled to C and then compiled further to a native executable using external compilers like GCC.
Coderive - Coderive is a modern multiparadigm programming language that tries to make a loop even with a stagerring 1 quintillion range in O(1) by analyzing its structure and converting it into a formula and technically flattening the loop if it doesn't have a side-effect. It has less keyword and have more uniform syntax which is very easy to undertand making the source visually clean to read. It is developed to be both compiled and interpreted with a safe/unsafe feature mode for safety level ensuring you do what you can handle.
Cognate - Cognate is a quasi-concatenative stack oriented language that uses embedded comments to read like English prose. It is a dynamic language (yet compiled) and makes great use of combinators and higher order functions. Cognate aims to make functional programming simple, readable, and maintainable.
colm - Colm = COmputer Language Machinery. Colm is a programming language designed for the analysis and transformation of computer languages. Colm is influenced primarily by TXL
Common Expression Language - The Common Expression Language (CEL) implements common semantics for expression evaluation, enabling different applications to more easily interoperate.
Common Lisp - A dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994. Common Lisp is not an implementation, but rather a language specification. Several implementations of the Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open-source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. It supports a combination of procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming paradigms.
Compis - Contemporary systems programming language in the spirit of C.
Component Pascal - Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon and Oberon-2. It bears the name of the language Pascal and preserves its heritage, but is incompatible with Pascal. Instead, it is a minor variant and refinement of Oberon-2 with a more expressive type system and built-in string support.
Concurnas - Concurnas is an open source JVM programming language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems
Cone - Cone is a fast, fit, friendly, and safe systems programming language. Ideal for complex, data-rich programs requiring responsive performance (e.g., 3D).
Conflate - An experimental polyglot language for composing Python, C++, Rust, Java, and Go in one file, with typed block boundaries and optional command-manifest integrations. [AI]
Coq - Coq is a formal proof management system. It provides a formal language to write mathematical definitions, executable algorithms and theorems together with an environment for semi-interactive development of machine-checked proofs.
Core - A modern, minimal programming language. In a world in which languages add features until they collapse under their own weight, build a language that is content with itself.
Cotowali - A statically typed scripting language that transpile into POSIX sh
Covariant Script - Covariant Script is an open source, cross-platform programming language. High-performance runtime environment. Self-developed efficient compilation system. Powerful and bloat-free extension system
Cowgol - A self-hosted Ada-inspired programming language for very small systems. Cowgol is an experimental, Ada-inspired language for very small systems (6502, Z80, etc). It's different because it's intended to be self-hosted on these devices: the end goal is to be able to rebuild the entire compiler on an 8-bit micro, although we're not there yet.
Cppfront - Cppfront is an experimental compiler from a potential C++ 'syntax 2' (Cpp2) to today's 'syntax 1' (Cpp1), to learn some things, prove out some concepts, and share some ideas. This compiler is a work in progress and currently hilariously incomplete... basic functions work, classes will be next, then metaclasses and lightweight exceptions.
Creed - A concatenative language for text processing script, inspired by ed and sam
Crema - Crema is a LLVM front-end that aims to specifically execute in sub-Turing Complete space. Designed to be simple to learn, and practical for the majority of programming tasks needed, Crema can restrict the computational complexity of the program to the minimum needed to improve security
Crow - - Crow programs can be run directly from source.
You can also build your program to a standalone executable. In either case, you don't need a build system.
You can directly call C functions.
Data is garbage collected. Don't worry about what's by-reference or by-value.
Crow is statically typed. There's no subtyping or implicit conversion. There are no null references. Overload resolution is unambiguous.
I/O is controlled. Normal functions can't do I/O except by invoking a lambda from a parameter.
You can launch parallel tasks and get the result as a future.
Mutability is controlled. The type system tracks whether a type allows access to mutable data. This ensures that mutable data is not shared across threads.
Syntax is expression-based. Function bodies are expressions with no return needed.
Even if and for are expressions.
Code is flat. Most declarations are not nested inside of anything.
Expressions are type-checked with an expected type. The same syntax like (1, 2) could be a list, tuple, vector, etc. This saves you from having to write new Foo().
There are discriminated unions, including option types.
There are templates; these are type-checked abstractly, not at each instantiation.
All crow code goes in modules. There are no global declarations.
Crumb - Crumb is a high level, functional, interpreted, dynamically typed, general-purpose programming language, with a terse syntax, and a verbose standard library.
It features:
Strictly no side effects* to help you write functional code
The ability to localize the effects of imported Crumb files.
Dynamic typing and garbage collection.
0 keywords, everything is a function.
Crush - Crush is an attempt to make a traditional command line shell that is also a modern programming language. It has the features one would expect from a modern programming language like a type system, closures and lexical scoping, but with a syntax geared toward both batch and interactive shell usage.
Crystal - Crystal is a language with a Ruby like sintax, statically type-checked. It supports compile-time evaluation and code generation. It compiles to efficient native code.
CSL - CSL is a simple lisp-like macro language for scripting high-level logic and data structures in a way that interfaces easily to the C programming language
CSL - The C Scripting Language (CSL) is a programming language available for Windows, OS/2 and UNIX systems. CSL follows the C syntax very closely. It is used like an interpreter: a program written with an editor can be run directly like any shell script. The CSL scripting engine can be integrated into own applications as a macro language. CSL offers two programming interfaces: A "C" API for 32-bit C compilers, and C++ class interface for selected compilers.
Cubiml - Cubiml is a simple ML-like programming language with subtyping and full type inference. You can try it out online in your browser here.
Curv - Curv is a programming language for creating art using mathematics. It’s a 2D and 3D geometric modelling tool that supports full colour, animation and 3D printing.
Cxy - Cxy is a statically typed programming language that is transpiled to C. Some of the feature supported by Cxy
Reference counting memory manager
Compile time evaluation
Compound types - tuples, unions, structs and classes
Builtin unit testing framework
Exception handling
Standard library
Cyber - Cyber is a fast, efficient, and concurrent scripting language. You can embed it into your applications, games, or engines on desktop or web. Cyber also comes with a CLI, so you can do scripting on your computer.
Cyclone - Cyclone is like C: it has pointers and pointer arithmetic, structs, arrays, goto, manual memory management, and C’s preprocessor and syntax. It adds features such as pattern matching, algebraic datatypes, exceptions, region-based memory management, and optional garbage collection.
Cylvre - Cylvre is a strongly typed, programming language with type inference for the JVM.
cypher - Cypher is Neo4j’s declarative query language, allowing users to unlock the full potential of property graph databases.
Céu - Céu is a reactive language that aims to offer a higher-level and safer alternative to C.
C∀ - C? (Cforall) is a language design extending ISO C. The purpose of the project is to engineer modern language features into C in an evolutionary rather than revolutionary way. Java is an example of the revolutionary approach of modernizing C/C++, resulting in a new language rather than an extension of its descendents. C++, Fortran 95 and Cobol 9X are examples of the evolutionary approach where modern language features are added and problems fixed within the framework of an existing language.
D (30):
D - General-purpose programming language with static typing, systems-level access, and C-like syntax.
Dachs - Dachs is a general-purpose programming language designed to be enjoyable, statically-typed and dog-friendly. Dachs is intended to be used for efficient applications and tools development, not for system programming.
Dafny - Dafny is a verification-ready programming language. As you type in your program, Dafny's verifier constantly looks over your shoulder, flags any errors, shows you counterexamples, and congratulates you when your code matches your specifications. When you're done, Dafny can compile your code to C#, Java, JavaScript or Go (more to come!), so it can integrate with your existing workflow.
Dale - Dale is a system (no GC) programming language that uses S-expressions for syntax and supports syntactic macros. The basic language is similar to C, with the following additional features:
local type deduction;
overloaded functions;
anonymous functions;
reference parameters;
initializers and destructors;
variants;
namespaces;
modules;
concepts; and
compiler introspection.
Dark - Darklang is an integrated language, framework, and editor for building web backends: REST API endpoints, asynchronous background workers, scheduled jobs, and persistent storage. Darklang's framework is tightly coupled to the infrastructure, and as you write code you're able to develop from real incoming requests/traces.
Dark Basic Pro - Dark Basic Pro is an open source BASIC programming language for creating Windows applications and games.
Darklang - a combined language, editor, and infrastructure to make it easy to build backends and CLIs.
Dart - Dart is a programming language designed for client development, such as for the web and mobile apps. It is developed by Google and can also be used to build server and desktop applications. It is an object-oriented, class-based, garbage-collected language with C-style syntax. It can compile to either native code or JavaScript, and supports interfaces, mixins, abstract classes, reified generics and type inference. Primarally used with the Flutter GUI toolkit.
Dashrep - Dashrep™, the text-manipulation programming language that is powerful and fast, yet simple
Daybreak - Programming language that compiles to C
Derw - An Elm-inspired language that transpiles to TypeScript. Derw is a type-safe language in the ML family designed to replace or augment your TypeScript and JavaScript code - both on the client and the server. If you've never encountered an ML language before, some of the core principles - which Derw follows - is a clean and concise syntax, paired with a powerful type system.
DeviceScript - TypeScript for Tiny IoT Devices (ESP32, RP2040, ...). DeviceScript brings a TypeScript developer experience to low-resource microcontroller-based devices. DeviceScript is compiled to a custom VM bytecode, which can run in very constrained environments. [Tiny, IoT]
Dhall - Dhall is a programmable configuration language that you can think of as: JSON + functions + types + imports
Dialect - Dialect is an interpreted programming language with GUI, networking, and object oriented capabilities. The Dialect language (a.k.a. Aristar Dialect Pro) source code has been released to the public under an Apache style Open Source license. The source code is available on sourceforge.net directly from the CVS repository and also as a separate zip package file.
Dictu - Dictu is a high-level dynamically typed, multi-paradigm, interpreted programming language.
Diesel - Diesel is a purely object-oriented, type-safe, garbage-collected language intended to support rapid construction of high-quality, extensible software. Diesel is an evolutionary successor to Cecil, retaining Cecil's support for multimethods, first-class function objects, uniform access to all instance variables and methods via dynamically dispatched messages, predicate classes, multiple inheritance, open classes where methods and instance variables are declared separately from their classes, and a constraint-based polymorphic static type system.
Associative tables with possibility to delete elements
Powerful and safe class composition operation for (multiple) inheritance and traits description
First class functions, classes, and fibers with closures, anonymous functions, classes, fibers
Exception handling
Concurrency
Pattern matching
Unicode 8 support
DML - DML is a simple templating language designed for managing web sites based in static HTML files (no CGI, SSI, etc.). It has been obsoleted by DML2 which has in turn been obsoleted by XSLT.
DML2 - DML2 is an object-oriented content storage and document formatting framework. Using a fairly simple, object-oriented language and a few templates, generating different types of media from the same source content is made easy. This tool has been obsoleted by XSLT.
Draak - Draak is a Multilanguage Macro compiler. What does that mean? Draak is a compiler that has the ablity to compile any language for any platform by being a generic compiler. It reads in a language description file and uses it to compile a program. It has two parts: parser and macros. The parser replaces Yacc and Lex, and the macros replaces the code generation for traditional compilers.
Draco - a new .NET programming language under development. If you want further details on the language itself or want to contribute ideas, head over to the language suggestions repository.
Dragon - The Dragon is an innovative and practical general-purpose language. The supported programming paradigms are imperative, object-oriented, declarative using nested structures, functional and natural programming. The language is portable (Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.) and can be used to create Console and GUI. The language is designed to be simple, small, flexible and fast.
Dream Maker - The DM (Dream Maker) language uses a syntax similar to C/C++ to build networked multi-user worlds. This reference and the accompanying guide discuss the structure and function of DM.
Dusa - a logic programming language that has features of both Datalog and answer set programming.
DustyScript - The intent of this project is to write a programming language powerful enough to retain a 8/9-yr old's interest but simple enough... that the syntax can be grasped by them
DWScript - DWScript is an object-oriented scripting engine for Delphi based on the Delphi language, with extensions borrowed from other Pascal languages (FreePascal, Prism, etc.). It introduces a few Pascal language extensions of its own as well.
Dyalect - Dyalect is a dynamic programming language for .NET platform. It is lightweight, fast and modern. Dyalect (or Dy for short) supports Windows, MacOS and Linux. Dy runs on the top of its own high performance virtual machine. It compiles fast and can be used as an embeddable language or as a scripting language of your choice. It is also a good language to learn programming. Dyalect offers modern syntax, inspired by such languages as C#, Swift, Go and Rust, first class functions, coroutines, expressive modules, a dynamic type system with an ability to extend existing types with new methods and much more.
Dylan - Dylan is a multi-paradigm functional and object-oriented programming language. It is dynamic while providing a programming model designed to support efficient machine code generation, including fine-grained control over dynamic and static behaviors.
Dyon - A rusty dynamically typed scripting language.
E (38):
E - E is an object-capability programming language and platform for writing distributed, secure, and robust software.
Easylang - An easy programming language that runs in the browser. Easylang is a rather minimalistic simple programming language. Because of the clear syntax and semantics it is well suited as a teaching and learning language. Functions for graphic output and mouse input are built into the language. The language is written in C and is open source. Main target platform is the web browser using WASM. However, it also runs natively in Windows and Linux. The one-pass parser and compiler is quite fast. In the Web IDE, each time the Enter key is pressed, the program is parsed and formatted up to the current line.
eC - An Expressive and Intuitive, C Style Object-Oriented Programming Language. eC comes bundled with the Ecere SDK, providing a comprehensive API for building apps ranging from games to business, for desktop, mobile and web platforms.
Ecstasy - Ecstasy is a new, general-purpose, programming language, designed for modern cloud architectures, and explicitly for the serverless cloud. Actually, to be completely honest, it's the most amazing programming language ever. No, really, it's that awesome.
Edina - Edina - A simple stack-oriented compiled programming language. Edina is a simple multi-paradigm programming language. It currently features a JVM compiler, a REPL and an ever expanding standard library. Edina is mostly a hobby project. Due to its stack-oriented design it's a little restrictive and hard to program in, but that's what makes it fun in my opinion.
Edward2 - Edward2 is a simple probabilistic programming language. It provides core utilities in deep learning ecosystems so that one can write models as probabilistic programs and manipulate a model's computation for flexible training and inference.
EEL - EEL is a scripting and programming language, designed specifically for hard real time applications. The primary target areas of application are control engineering and audio synthesis, but EEL should also be suitable for game scripting and for adding scripting capabilities to real time multimedia applications. The syntax is C-like, but the language is higher level than C, and "safe" in the sense that EEL programs should not be able to crash the virtual machine or the host application. EEL has dynamic typing, automatic memory management, exception handling and built-in high level data types such as vectors, arrays and tables. New such data types can be added at run time by host applications. EEL compiles into byte-code that runs on a virtual machine, which means that no explicit support for specific architectures is needed for portability. The implementation is deliberately very self contained and has few dependencies, so that it can be easily integrated into "strange" environments, such as embedded devices running real time operating systems.
Effekt - A research language with effect handlers and lightweight effect polymorphism.
Egel - Egel is an untyped concurrent functional scripting language based on eager combinator rewriting with a concise but remarkably powerful syntax.
egison - Egison is a functional programming language featuring its expressive pattern-matching facility. Egison allows users to define efficient and expressive pattern-matching methods for arbitrary user-defined data types including non-free data types such as lists, multisets, sets, trees, graphs, and mathematical expressions. This is the repository of the interpreter of Egison.
Eiffel - Based on a set of principles, including design by contract, command-query separation, the uniform-access principle, the single-choice principle, the open-closed principle, and option-operand separation.
ela - Ela is a simple, yet powerful modern functional language with a state-of-art syntax. Ela combines strict and lazy evaluation, dynamic typing and features, which are normally adopted by statically typed languages, such as algebraic data types and Haskell style type classes.
elastiC - elastiC is a portable high-level object-oriented interpreted language with a C like syntax.
Electra - Electra is an esolang where you code like an electrician. Electra is inspired by AsciiDots. It uses instruction pointers that acts like currents in electricity. [eso]
Elena - ELENA is a general-purpose language with late binding. It is multi-paradigm, combining features of functional and object-oriented programming. Rich set of tools are provided to deal with message dispatching : multi-methods, message qualifying, generic message handlers, run-time interfaces.
ELFE - ELFE (Extensible Language for Everyday (and the Internet of Things)) is a very simple and small programming language specifcally designed for everyday programming, notably for the Internet of Things. While ELFE is a general-purpose programming language, it is designed to facilitate the configuration and control of swarms of small devices such as sensors or actuators. It can also be used as a powerful, remotely-accessible extension language for larger applications.
Elijah - a high-level language suitable for replacement of C/C++ and Java. (And of course any other language in existence or non-existence, except FORTRAN and NULL.)
Elixir - A dynamic, functional language for building scalable and maintainable applications. Elixir leverages the Erlang VM, known for running low-latency, distributed, and fault-tolerant systems. Elixir is successfully used in web development, embedded software, data ingestion, and multimedia processing, across a wide range of industries.
Elle - Elle is a procedural programming language built in Rust which compiles to the QBE backend. It focuses on simplicity and ease of use.
Elm - Elm is a functional language that compiles to JavaScript. It helps you make websites and web apps. It has a strong emphasis on simplicity and quality tooling.
Elvish - Elvish is an expressive programming language and a versatile interactive shell, combined into one seamless package. It runs on Linux, BSDs, macOS and Windows.
EML - Extended ML (EML) is a framework for specification and formal development of Standard ML (SML) programs. EML specifications look just like SML programs except that axioms are allowed in signatures and in place of code in structures and functors. Some EML specifications are executable, since SML function definitions are just axioms of a certain special form. This makes EML a "wide-spectrum" language which can be used to express every stage in the development of a SML program from the initial high-level specification to the final program itself and including intermediate stages in which specification and program are intermingled.
EmojiCode - World's only programming language that's bursting with emojis. Emojicode is an open source, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language consisting of emojis. It features Object-Orientation, Optionals, Generics and Closures.
emu - Emu (The EMbeddable Utility Language) is a clean, fast, flexible and free programming language. It is designed to be embedded into other files, such as text documents, web page etc
Enchilada - Enchilada is optimized to efficiently and consistently share huge amounts of data (and code) in a distributed environment. Possible use cases:
Distributed and authenticated computation/code;
Distributed and authenticated dependency management.
Enterprise - Enterprise™ is a non-deterministic-unnecessarily-statically-typed™ Turing-complete-ish™, Quantum-out-of-the-box™ programming language.
Eolang - EO (stands for Elegant Objects or ISO 639-1 code of Esperanto) is an object-oriented programming language based on 𝜑-calculus. We're aware of popular semi-OOP languages and we don't think they are good enough, including Java, Ruby, C++, Smalltalk, Python, PHP, C#: all of them have something we don't tolerate. EO is not planning to become a mainstream language-this is not what we want. Our main goal is to prove to ourselves that true object-oriented programming is practically possible. Not just in books and abstract examples, but in real code that works. That's why EO is being created-to put all that "crazy" pure object-oriented ideas into practice and see whether they can work.
Erg - A statically typed language that can deeply improve the Python ecosystem.
ErgoAI - Flora-2 (now ErgoAI) is an advanced object-oriented knowledge representation and reasoning system. It is a dialect of F-logic with numerous extensions, including meta-programming in the style of HiLog, logical updates in the style of Transaction Logic, and defeasible reasoning. Applications include intelligent agents, Semantic Web, knowledge-based networking, ontology management, integration of information, security policy analysis, and more.
Erlang - A programming language used to build massively scalable soft real-time systems with requirements on high availability. Some of its uses are in telecoms, banking, e-commerce, computer telephony and instant messaging. Erlang's runtime system has built-in support for concurrency, distribution and fault tolerance.
Eta - What is Eta? Eta is a pure, lazy, strongly typed functional programming language on the JVM. It brings two big ecosystems, the JVM and Haskell, together. This allows you to harness the best of both ecosystems to build your applications quickly and effectively. Eta's concurrency support helps you to build highly scalable systems.
ETAC - ETAC™ (pronounced: E-tack) is a syntactically simple but extremely versatile general purpose dictionary and stack based interpreted script programming language fully capable of traditional high-level block structured language style syntax.
Euphoria - Euphoria is a powerful but easy-to-learn and easy-to-use programming language. It has a simple syntax and structure with consistent rules, and is also easy to read. You can quickly, and with little effort, develop applications big and small for Windows and UNIX variants (Linux, FreeBSD, and OS X).
Evlan - Evlan is a programming language and a virtual machine, similar to Java/JVM or C#/.NET, but with many advantages. While Java and C# are essentially small extensions to the 35-year-old C/C++ software paradigm, Evlan makes a point of being very different.
evolve - Evolve is an interpreted programming language, it has been designed to be easy to use so anyone can quickly learn how to write a PC program. To this end the instruction set has been kept to a minimum and the commands and syntax have been kept as simple as possible.
execline - execline is a (non-interactive) scripting language, like sh - but its syntax is quite different from a traditional shell syntax. The execlineb program is meant to be used as an interpreter for a text file; the other commands are essentially useful inside an execlineb script. execline is as powerful as a shell: it features conditional loops, getopt-style option handling, filename globbing, and more. Meanwhile, its syntax is far more logical and predictable than the shell's syntax, and has no security issues.
Expr - Expression language and expression evaluation for Go.
F (62):
F - F is a pure functional concatenative language originally designed as an extension of False. F contains the list-operations of K3 and the dip combinator of Joy. Floating-point and symbolic datatypes are supported. One-time assignment is enforced in syntax. A theory of function-valence and -charge is outlined. F also contains a general continuation primitive $, and the pattern sublanguage of XY. G is a variant of F in which the K3 adverbs are implemented as primitives.
F# - a functional-first, general purpose, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. Developed by Microsoft for the .NET platform.
F* - F* (pronounced F star) is a general-purpose functional programming language with effects aimed at program verification. It puts together the automation of an SMT-backed deductive verification tool with the expressive power of a proof assistant based on dependent types. After verification, F* programs can be extracted to efficient OCaml, F#, C, WASM, or ASM code. This enables verifying the functional correctness and security of realistic applications. The main ongoing use case of F* is building a verified, drop-in replacement for the whole HTTPS stack in Project Everest. This includes verified implementations of TLS 1.2 and 1.3 and of the underlying cryptographic primitives.
Fabric - Fabric is a high-level programming language for building open distributed applications with strong security. Fabric enables securely computing and storing information, and sharing code and data across trust boundaries. It is being developed by the Applied Programming Languages Group at Cornell University.
Factor - Factor is a concatenative, stack-based programming language with high-level features including dynamic types, extensible syntax, macros, and garbage collection.
Falcon - Falcon is an Open Source, simple, fast and powerful programming language, easy to learn and to feel comfortable with, and a scripting engine ready to empower mission-critical multithreaded applications. Falcon provides six integrated programming paradigms: procedural, object oriented, prototype oriented, functional, tabular and message oriented. And you don't have to master all of them; you just need to pick the ingredients you prefer, and let the code follow your inspiration.
FALSE - I designed this language in ‘93 with two particular objectives: confusing everyone with an obfuscated syntax, and designing an as powerful language as possible with a tiny implementation: in this case a compiler executable of just 1024 bytes (!), written in pure 68000 assembler.
Fantom - Fantom is a portable language that runs on the JVM and modern web browsers. It features a familiar Java-like syntax, static (and dynamic) typing, elegant system library, closures, immutability, actor concurrency, and much more.
Fanx - Fanx is a full-stack programming language base on Fantom. It is an object oriented and static typing language with elegant libraries.
FAST - FAST is a new programming language, which combines the advantages of other programming languages:
FAST supports functions as data types
FAST is fully object-oriented and knows multiple inheritance
FAST has dynamical memory management and garbage collection
FAST includes library units on its own
FAST speaks Assembler
FAST knows macros
FAST has a clear and consequent syntax
FAST compiles within tenths of seconds and creates efficient code
FAST has lots of useful features such as e.g. the prevention of the Division by Zero error
FAST programs are written as plain text and then sent thru the FAST compiler. Small and efficient code is created and a COM-File results. Up to now, FAST only compiles for MS-DOS (I just have not yet found out how to assemble a binary executable for WINDOWS).
FAST - FAST: A Transducer-Based Language for Tree Manipulation
Faust - Faust (Functional Audio Stream) is a functional programming language specifically designed for real-time signal processing and synthesis. A distinctive characteristic of Faust is to be fully compiled.
Fay - A proper subset of Haskell that compiles to JavaScript.
FBSL - Freestyle Basic Script Language (FBSL) is a programming language.
It's powerful.
It's easy to learn.
It can produce GUI or console-based applications.
It can produce standalone executables.
It's free for non-commercial use.
Fe - A tiny, embeddable language implemented in ANSI C.
Felix - An advanced, statically typed, high performance scripting language with native C++ embedding.
Fennel - Fennel is a lisp that compiles to Lua. It aims to be easy to use, expressive, and has almost zero overhead compared to writing Lua directly.
Feral - Feral is a dynamically typed, imperative, interpreted language which revolves (to most extent) around the idea of minimalism.
ferite - ferite is a scripting language and engine all in one managable chunk. It is designed to be easily extended in terms of API, and to be used within other applications making them more configurable and useful to the end user. It has a syntax similiar to a number of other langauges but remains clean and it's own language.
ferite - ferite is a scripting language and engine all in one managable chunk. It is designed to be easily extended in terms of API, and to be used within other applications making them more configurable and useful to the end user. It has a syntax similiar to a number of other langauges but remains clean and it's own language. It's origins are from one of those "it seems like a good idea", the good idea was provoked by finding perl a real pain in the arse to embed (from what I gather it's easier nowadays). It started in the summer of 2000 (with various tries and fails within the pre-ceding two years). It is slowly maturing and should be fit for general consumption by the first quarter of 2003, by which point we start to add more exotic features.
FermaT - The FermaT Transformation System is a powerful industrial-strength program transformation system based on the WSL language. FermaT has been used sucessfully in several major assembler to C and assembler to COBOL migration projects involving the conversion of millions of lines of hand-written assembler code to efficient and maintainable C or COBOL code.
Fermat - Fermat is a computer algebra system for Macintosh, Windows, Linux, and Unix by me, Robert H. Lewis of Fordham University, that does arithmetic of arbitrarily long integers and fractions, multivariate polynomials, symbolic calculations, matrices over polynomial rings, graphics, and other numerical calculations. It is extremely fast and extremely economical of space.
Ficl - Ficl is an acronym for "Forth Inspired Command Language". Ficl is a programming language interpreter designed to be embedded into other systems as a command, macro, and development prototyping language.
Fig - a compiled, statically-typed, garbage collected and expressive programming language.
Figaro - Figaro is a probabilistic programming language that supports development of very rich probabilistic models and provides reasoning algorithms that can be applied to models to draw useful conclusions from evidence. Both model representation and reasoning algorithm development can be challenging tasks. Figaro makes it possible to express probabilistic models using the power of programming languages, giving the modeler the expressive tools to create a wide variety of models. Figaro comes with a number of built-in reasoning algorithms that can be applied automatically to new models. In addition, Figaro models are data structures in the Scala programming language, which is interoperable with Java, and can be constructed, manipulated, and used directly within any Scala or Java program.
FIJI - FIJI the ForthIsh Java Interpreter is an interactive environment with a procedural syntax similar to the Forth programming language. FIJI can load, introspect, and execute Java classes and methods. FIJI's main use is for unit and component testing of Java, or for an interpreter in an all-Java environment.
Finch - Finch is a simple bytecode interpreted, purely object-oriented, prototype-based, dynamically-typed programming language. It's mostly inspired by Smalltalk, Self, and Javascript.
Finitio - Finitio is a data language. For now, it is limited to a data definition language (DDL). Think "JSON/XML schema", but a slightly different way, that puts the emphasis on precision. Finitio comes with a dedicated type system for defining data and a theory, called information contracts, for interoperability with programming and data exchange languages.
FiveTran - Fivetran, a FORTRAN language targeting Mako. Mako is an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games.
FixScript - FixScript is an extensible scripting language designed for simple implementation and strong support for both backward and forward compatibility. You can use FixScript both as a standalone and embedded programming language. You can build standalone native executables for any supported platform from every platform. The best results are obtained when combined with the C language to get a very powerful tool. This way you can use the best of the two worlds, using the language for the high-level stuff and C doing the interoperability and fast stuff while having a good integration between both languages.
Flavor - Flavor (Formal Language for Audio-Visual Object Representation) is an object-oriented media representation language designed for simplifying the development of applications that involve a significant media processing component (encoding, decoding, editing, manipulation, etc.). It provides a formal way for describing any coded audio-visual or general multimedia bitstream, and it comes with a translator that can automatically generate C++/Java code from the Flavor description. The generated code can readily be used as a bitstream parser, generator or tracing tool.
Fleng - This software is an implementation of "FLENG", a low level concurrent logic programming language descended from Prolog. A compiler is provided to translate programs written in FLENG into assembly language which can subsequently be compiled and linked into a binary executable.
Flix - Next-generation reliable, safe, concise, and functional-first programming language. Flix is a principled functional, imperative, and logic programming language developed at Aarhus University, at the University of Waterloo, and by a community of open source contributors. Flix is inspired by OCaml and Haskell with ideas from Rust and Scala. Flix looks like Scala, but its type system is based on Hindley-Milner. Two unique features of Flix are its polymorphic effect system and its support for first-class Datalog constraints. Flix compiles JVM bytecode, runs on the Java Virtual Machine, and supports full tail call elimination. A VSCode plugin for Flix is available.
Florid - FLORID (F-LOgic Reasoning In Databases) is a deductive object-oriented database system employing F-Logic as data definition and query language. The development was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project La 598/3-2). With the increasing interest in semistructured data, Florid has been extended for handling semistructured data in the context of Information Integration from the Semantic Web.
Flow - a safe, functional strongly-typed programming language.
Floyd - Floyd is a general-purpose programming language designed for making very large and robust programs that run really fast, while ducking many of the problems of older languages. Floyd wants to become a better choice than C++, Rust, C#, Python and Javascript for any project.
Flux - Flux is a lightweight scripting language for querying databases (like InfluxDB) and working with data. It's part of InfluxDB 1.7 and 2.0, but can be run independently of those.
Foma - Foma is a compiler, programming language, and C library for constructing finite-state automata and transducers for various uses. It has specific support for many natural language processing applications such as producing morphological analyzers. Although NLP applications are probably the main use of foma, it is sufficiently generic to use for a large number of purposes.
Forest - Forest is a domain-specific language for describing filestores.
Formality - Formality is an efficient proof language. An lightweight proof-gramming language. It aims to be:
Fast: no garbage-collection, optimal beta-reduction, massively parallel compilers.
Secure: a powerful type system capable of proving mathematical theorems.
Portable: the entire language desugars to a 500 lines core type-theory.
Formula 2.0 - FORMULA 2.0 is framework for formally specifying domain-specific languages (DSLs) and model transformations. FORMULA specifications are succinct descriptions of DSLs, and specifications can be immediately connected to state-of-the-art analysis engines without additional expertise. FORMULA provides: (1) succinct specifications of DSLs and compilers, (2) efficient compilation and execution of input programs, (3) program synthesis and compiler verification.
Forscape - Scientific computing language. Forscape solves engineering problems with an unprecedented level of abstraction so you get reliable results quickly. This high-level approach starts with intuitive syntax. Program with the same notation you use to write equations thanks to our innovative math rendering with semantic formatting. Matrices, fractions, symbols- write code using the same notation you use to think through problems on the whiteboard.
Forth - A procedural, stack-oriented programming language and interactive environment. Forth is used in the Open Firmware boot loader, in space applications such as the Philae spacecraft, and in other embedded systems which involve interaction with hardware. Multiple implementaitons, both proprietary and FOSS.
Fortran - A general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. It has been in use for over six decades in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, geophysics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.
FreeBASIC - FreeBASIC is a completely free, open-source, multi-platform BASIC compiler, with syntax similar to MS-QuickBASIC, that adds new features such as pointers, object orientation, unsigned data types, inline assembly, and many others.
FreeOberon - Cross-platform IDE for development in Oberon programming language made in the classical FreePascal-like pseudo-graphic style.
FreePascal - Free Pascal is a mature, versatile, open source Pascal compiler. It can target many processor architectures: Intel x86 (16 and 32 bit), AMD64/x86-64, PowerPC, PowerPC64, SPARC, SPARC64, ARM, AArch64, MIPS, Motorola 68k, AVR, and the JVM. Supported operating systems include Windows (16/32/64 bit, CE, and native NT), Linux, Mac OS X/iOS/iPhoneSimulator/Darwin, FreeBSD and other BSD flavors, DOS (16 bit, or 32 bit DPMI), OS/2, AIX, Android, Haiku, Nintendo GBA/DS/Wii, AmigaOS, MorphOS, AROS, Atari TOS, and various embedded platforms. Additionally, support for RISC-V (32/64), Xtensa, and Z80 architectures, and for the LLVM compiler infrastructure is available in the development version. Additionally, the Free Pascal team maintains a transpiler for pascal to Javascript called pas2js.
Frege - Frege is a Haskell for the JVM. It brings purely functional programing to the Java platform. Like any Haskell, it is purely functional, enjoys a strong static type system with global type inference and non-strict - also known as lazy - evaluation. Frege compiles to Java, runs on the JVM, and uses any Java library you want. It can be used inside any Java project.
Frenetic - Frenetic is an open-source Software Defined Network (SDN) controller platform designed to make SDN programming easy, modular, and semantically correct
friend - 1)Compiler/interpreter for a simple OO language. The language allows to use networking very easily, including such protocols as TCP, UDP, Raw Sockets 2) Library for reading/manipulating Java bytecode
Frost - Frost is a high-level, general-purpose multiparadigm programming language
FScript - FScript is an extremely simple scripting language. Its intended use is as an embedded language in other Java programs. It is very simple to embed - it can be as simple as sub-classing one class to add your own functionality. However is not a complete programming language, as it has no library of standard functions (such as IO and string processing). FScript supplies a base functionality (such as flow control, variable handling and basic math operations) that can extended by the host application.
Ftwalk - Ftwalk is a general purpose script programming language. It is based on the concepts of Awk, but has been extended to support features such as are found in languages like Perl, Python, and Ruby.
FUN - FUN is a simple, structured, imperative, dynamic, object-oriented, functional and high-level programming language. FUN was developed by Wisdom ZHANG in 2010 as a scripting language to reuse resources of Pascal. FUN's syntax is simple and clear, it comes from Ada and was changed for easy to use and input. FUN's exception handling syntax is similar to Delphi. FUN is dynamic typing and supports type conversions automatically when needed. FUN supports class-based object-oriented programming. FUN supports first-class functions functional programming, looks like Lisp and Javascript. FUN implements a simple and lightweight reference counting garbage collector. FUN's regular expressions handling is Perl-Compatible. FUN provides simple and powerful list process, it looks like arrays, associative arrays, hash tables, dictionaries or mappings too.
Funnel - Funnel is a programming language based on Functional Nets. Functional Nets combine key ideas of functional programming and Petri nets to yield a simple and general programming notation. They have their theoretical foundation in Join calculus.
Fusion - Fusion is a programming language which can be translated automatically to C, C++, C#, D, Java, JavaScript, Python, Swift, TypeScript and OpenCL C. Instead of writing code in all these languages, you can write it once in Fusion. [Transpiler]
Futhark - High-performance purely functional data-parallel array programming on the GPU. Futhark is a small programming language designed to be compiled to efficient parallel code. It is a statically typed, data-parallel, and purely functional array language in the ML family, and comes with a heavily optimising ahead-of-time compiler that presently generates GPU code via CUDA and OpenCL, although the language itself is hardware-agnostic and can also run on multicore CPUs.
Fux - Flawless Unambiguous Programming - A Modern, Flexible Programming Language for All. Fux is a modern and flexible programming language, perfect for use in a variety of domains by both novice and expert developers. With its efficient use of LLVM, it provides performance similar to C++, while being portable and running on a wide range of platforms.
Fuzion - A language with a focus on safety and performance. It unifies concepts found in other programming languages to improve productivity and shall provide tools for performance and correctness.
Fuzuli - JFuzuli is the JVM implementation of our programming language Fuzuli which is based on LISP syntax and Algol family programming logic. Fuzuli is a modern collaboration of these two separate family of languages.
G (47):
G - A fast, easy syntex, tiny footprint (about 2.4MB) and script language.
GALA - GALA (Go Alternative Language) is a functional programming language that transpiles to Go, adding sealed types, exhaustive pattern matching, immutability by default, monads (Option, Either, Try, Future), and immutable collections. [functional, transpiler, go, pattern-matching]
GALATEA - Glider with Autonomous, Logic-based Agents, TEmporal reasoning and Abduction. GALATEA is software to model and simulate multi-agent systems. It is the product of two lines of research: simulation languages based on Zeigler's theory of simulation and logic-based agents. There is, in GALATEA, a proposal to integrate, in the same simulation platform, conceptual and concrete tools for multi-agent, distributed, interactive, continuous and discrete event simulation.
Gambas - Gambas is a full-featured object language and development environment built on a BASIC interpreter.
GameMonkey Script - Embedded scripting language for C++ apps, tools and games.
GAML - GAML is an agent-oriented language dedicated to the definition of agent-based simulations. It takes its roots in object-oriented languages like Java or Smalltalk, but extends the object-oriented programming approach with powerful concepts (like skills, declarative definitions or agent migration) to allow for a better expressivity in models.
GDScript - Scripting language built into the Godot game engine. GDScript is a high-level, dynamically typed programming language used to create content. It uses a syntax similar to Python (blocks are indent-based and many keywords are similar). Its goal is to be optimized for and tightly integrated with Godot Engine, allowing great flexibility for content creation and integration.
Gecho - Simple stack language in C. Has a few basic commands; working to implement a while loop and user-defined functions. If statement would be nice.
Gene - Gene is a common purpose programming language. It is inspired by languages such as object pascal, C++, sql and EBNF languages such as Coco/R, lex and yacc and is a pure object oriented language. It is therefor ideally suited for applications that process a lot of sequential input and output such as scanners, parsers and data generators. Gene also has build in support for container objects (objects that manage a list of other objects such as arrays, linked lists, queues, sql tables,...).
GeneralScript - GeneralScript is a lightweight general purpose scripting engine which provides Scheme like syntax.
Genesis - Genesis is an interpreted, procedural, and Turing-complete Paleo-Hebrew programming language. Diacritical signs are forgone for simplification, though maybe Nikud can be used in prospect as a means for more reserved keywords.
genyris - Inspired by the Semantic Web, Genyris presents a new programming paradigm. Objects can belong to multiple classes independent from construction. Indentation reduces parentheses yet retains the power of Lisp. External Java libraries can be imported.
Objects can belong to multiple classes
Classes are assigned to objects after construction
Indentation syntax reduces parentheses
Use Java class libraries like Swing
100% Java
Multi-tasking
Higher order functions and macros
Indented syntax
GF - GF, Grammatical Framework, is a programming language for multilingual grammar applications. It is
a special-purpose language for grammars, like YACC, Bison, Happy, BNFC, but not restricted to programming languages
a functional programming language, like Haskell, Lisp, OCaml, SML, Scheme, but specialized to grammar writing
a development platform for natural language grammars, like LKB, XLE, Regulus, but based on functional programming and type theory
a categorial grammar formalism, like ACG, CCG, but specialized for multilingual grammars,
a logical framework, like Agda, Coq, Isabelle, but equipped with concrete syntax in addition to logic
a platform for machine translation, like Moses, Apertium, but based on deep structural analysis (and usually applied for limited fragments of language).
ghūl - ghūl is a general-purpose, statically-typed, managed programming language. It supports object-oriented programming with functional elements through a quirky syntax reminiscent of ALGOL 68 and Pascal that aims to be both expressive and readable. The language targets .NET and interoperates with the .NET ecosystem. The self-hosting ghūl compiler, written entirely in ghūl, shows the language's capabilities and dogfooding philosophy.
GIMI - This is GIMI, the Graphical Interfaced Multitasking Interpreter. One of the few GUIs made in QuickBASIC featuring multitasking. This one has its own script language for making programs, damm fast SVGA modes, lots of programs, and more!
Giml - A functional programming language with emphasis on structural typing.
Gleam - Gleam is a type safe functional programming language for building scalable concurrent systems. It compiles to Erlang and has straightforward interop with other BEAM languages such as Erlang, Elixir and LFE.
Glee - The Glee Programming Language is a new vector oriented interpretive computer programming tool. It is inspired by array oriented languages like APL, J, and K. It attempts to deliver many of the useful and powerful features of those languages for manipulating numeric data. Further, it strives to provide new functionality for consistent and powerful manipulation of character data. It is targeted at applications where languages like PERL, Python, and Java have found secure homes. These are all scalar languages so Glee has something new to bring to the party ... vector processing.
Glide - Glide is a statically (and dynamically) typed language designed to make reading and writing data transformations easier. [refinement types]
GLMS - A scripting language focused on linear algebra, heavily inspired by GLSL and JavaScript. [algebra, shaders]
Gluon - Gluon is a static, type inferred and embeddabble language written in Rust.
gnarly - Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Typed Programming Language
Go+ - The Go+ programming language is designed for engineering, STEM education, and data science.
A static typed language.
The simplest engineering language that can be mastered by children (script-like style).
Performance: as fast as Go (Go+'s main backend compiles to human-readable Go).
Fully compatible with Go and can mix Go/Go+ code in the same package (see Go/Go+ hybrid programming).
No DSL (Domain Specific Language) support, but it's Specific Domain Friendly (see DSL vs. SDF).
Support Go code generation (main backend) and bytecode backend (REPL: see iGo+).
Simplest way to interaction with C (cgo is supported but not recommended).
Powerful built-in data processing capabilities.
Goal - Goal is an embeddable array programming language with a bytecode interpreter, written in Go. It provides both a command line intepreter (that can be used in the REPL), and a library interface. The core features are mostly there and tested, so Goal is usable both for writing useful short scripts and playing with the REPL. User testing and bug reports are welcome! Like in most array programming languages, Goal's builtins vectorize operations on immutable arrays, and encourage a functional style for control and data transformations, supported by a simple dynamic type system with little abstraction, and mutable variables (but no mutable values).
goaldi - Goaldi is a new general-purpose programming language that combines the goal-directed evaluation model of the Icon language with modern features such as concurrency, objects, closures, and Unicode support. While Goaldi will look familiar to Icon programmers, it is not upwards compatible.
Goby - Goby is an object-oriented interpreter language deeply inspired by Ruby as well as its core implementation by 100% pure Go. Moreover, it has standard libraries to provide several features such as the Plugin system. Note that we do not intend to reproduce whole of the honorable works of Ruby syntax/implementation/libraries.
Gofolio - the programming language for the ATARI portfolio
Golo - The world didn’t need another JVM language. So we built yet another one. A simple one.
Gosu - Gosu is a pragmatic programming language for the JVM. It has been designed with Java developers in mind by providing a set of features that allow them to be more productive without sacrificing the benefits of Java's simple syntax and type-safety. Gosu is an object oriented language with a sprinkle of functional programming features.
GPP - GPP is a general-purpose preprocessor with customizable syntax, suitable for a wide range of preprocessing tasks. Its independence from any one programming language makes it much more versatile than the C preprocessor (cpp), while its syntax is lighter and more flexible than that of GNU m4. There are built-in macros for use with C/C++, LaTeX, HTML, XHTML, and Prolog files.
GrADS - The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) is an interactive desktop tool that is used for easy access, manipulation, and visualization of earth science data. GrADS has two data models for handling gridded and station data. GrADS supports many data file formats, including binary (stream or sequential), GRIB (version 1 and 2), NetCDF, HDF (version 4 and 5), and BUFR (for station data). GrADS has been implemented worldwide on a variety of commonly used operating systems and is freely distributed over the Internet.
Gravity - Gravity is a powerful, dynamically typed, lightweight, embeddable programming language written in C without any external dependencies (except for stdlib). It is a class-based concurrent scripting language with modern Swift-like syntax.
Gremlin - Gremlin is a domain specific language for traversing property graphs. Gremlin makes use of Pipes to perform complex graph traversals. This language has application in the areas of graph query, analysis, and manipulation. Connectors, provided by Blueprints, exist for the following graph management systems:
Gren - Gren is a pure functional programming language that is easy to learn, but powerful in use.
Gri - Gri is a language for scientific graphics programming. The word "language" is important: Gri is command-driven, not point/click. Gri can make x-y graphs, contour graphs, and image graphs, in PostScript and (someday) SVG formats. Control is provided over all aspects of drawing, e.g. line widths, colors, and fonts. A TeX-like syntax provides common mathematical symbols.
Groovy - Groovy is a powerful, optionally typed and dynamic language, with static-typing and static compilation capabilities, for the Java platform aimed at improving developer productivity thanks to a concise, familiar and easy to learn syntax. It integrates smoothly with any Java program, and immediately delivers to your application powerful features, including scripting capabilities, Domain-Specific Language authoring, runtime and compile-time meta-programming and functional programming.
Gui4Cli - Gui4Cli is an interpreted, untyped, procedural programming language for easily creating Windows apps. It has a wide set of commands, it can be easily extended and can create self-standing executables. It is Event-driven, and intuitive and geared to creating stand-alone guis or interfaces for other, console driven programs (as it's name implies). The new version can also handle Unicode.
Guile - Guile is designed to help programmers create flexible applications that can be extended by users or other programmers with plug-ins, modules, or scripts. With Guile you can create applications and games for the desktop, the Web, the command-line, and more.
gura - A programming language that comes with powerful operation on iterators.
GvR - Guido van Robot, or GvR for short, is a programming language and free software application designed to introduce beginners to the fundamentals of programming. GvR runs on Windows, Macintosh, and GNU/Linux, in a variety of languages! It's great in both the classroom and the home as a way of introducing people to the basic concepts of programming.
Gwion - A strongly-timed programming language aimed at music creation. Heavily inspired by ChucK.
GYS - GYS has built-in lexical and expression analyzer, but during interpretation it calls different user code for executing commands, operators, conversions and value getting. The interpreter is fully runtime - it reads code and interprets it at once. GYS doesn't generate any intermediate code. User doesn't have to use stack to implement his GYS-derived script language. The "abstract" GYS interpreter can be called within application to execute the script according to the designed language definition and functionality. The library provides an easy and clear way to define a scipt language interpreter step-by-step: developer can define next language elements:
GZigZag - Zzstructure is a way of representing the structure of information. Compared with the previous ways, Zzstructure is very different, for example the concepts of 'file', 'folder' and 'application' are abandoned. Because of this a bit of fantasy, creativity and an ability to forget previous knowledge is needed in order to understand Zzstructure. A Zzstructure structure consists of cells and dimensions. A cell is the basic unit of information of a Zzstructure structure. Cells containing related information can be connected with each other along dimensions, the number of which is unlimited. A Zzstructure structure is separate from its visualisation (= the way the data is presented on the screen), which means that a Zzstructure structure can have many visualisations designed for different purposes.
Gödel - Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language in the family of logic programming languages. It is a strongly typed language, the type system being based on many-sorted logic with parametric polymorphism. It has a module system. Gödel supports infinite precision integers, infinite precision rationals, and also floating-point numbers. It can solve constraints over finite domains of integers and also linear rational constraints. It supports processing of finite sets. It also has a flexible computation rule and a pruning operator which generalises the commit of the concurrent logic programming languages. Considerable emphasis is placed on Gödel's meta- logical facilities which provide significant support for meta-programs that do analysis, transformation, compilation, verification, debugging, and so on
H (30):
Hachi - Hachi is a next-generation systems language that combines the speed and control of C++ with a clean, modern syntax and built-in memory safety without garbage collection, reference counting or borrow checking. It transpiles to highly optimized C++ for native performance while offering auto-free memory management through static lifetime analysis. Hachi makes it easy to embed C and C++ code directly in source files, giving developers seamless access to existing libraries and low-level control. It is designed for high-performance software and applications that need to run close to the metal, all while keeping the language simple, expressive, and enjoyable to write.
Hack - Hack is built specifically for HHVM, a high performance runtime for your Hack applications, and reconciles the fast development cycle of a dynamically typed language with the discipline provided by static typing, while adding many features commonly found in other modern programming languages.
Halide - Halide is a language for fast, portable data-parallel computation. Also Halide designed to make it easier to write high-performance image and array processing code on modern machines. Rather than being a standalone programming language, Halide is embedded in C++. This means you write C++ code that builds an in-memory representation of a Halide pipeline using Halide's C++ API. You can then compile this representation to an object file, or JIT-compile it and run it in the same process. Halide also provides a Python binding that provides full support for writing Halide embedded in Python without C++.
Hamler - Haskell-style functional programming language running on Erlang VM.
Happy - A scripting language with syntactic sugar for code generation. Happy has the concept of a "current output." The current output is simply a System.IO.TextWriter where all template output is directed. At the moment, the current output must be determined by the host program executing the Happy script. This is usually the command-line application, in which case the current output is directed at the file specified in one of the command-line options. A host program in which Happy has been embedded can specify any TextReader as the current output.
Harbour - Harbour is the free software implementation of a multi-platform, multi-threading, object-oriented, scriptable programming language, backward compatible with Clipper/xBase. Harbour consists of a compiler and runtime libraries with multiple UI and database backends, its own make system and a large collection of libraries and interfaces to many popular APIs.
Hare - Hare is a systems programming language designed to be simple, stable, and robust. Hare uses a static type system, manual memory management, and a minimal runtime. It is well-suited to writing operating systems, system tools, compilers, networking software, and other low-level, high performance tasks.
Harlan - Harlan is a domain specific language for programming GPUs. This project serves primarily as a testbed for implementation and optimization techniques. The language is intentionally small, in order to simplify the process of exploring new analyses and optimizations.
Hascal - Hascal is a general purpose and open source programming language designed to build optimal, maintainable, reliable and efficient software.
Haskell - A general-purpose, statically-typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. Designed for teaching, research and industrial application, Haskell has pioneered a number of programming language features such as type classes, which enable type-safe operator overloading. Haskell's main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC).
Haxe - High-level and strictly-typed programming language, cross-compiles to many different targets.
Hazel - Hazel, a live functional programming environment with typed holes
Hazure - A ML-Inspired programming language that transpiles to Typescript.
Hedy - Hedy is a gradual programming language to teach children programming. Gradual languages use different language levels, where each level adds new concepts and syntactic complexity. At the end of the Hedy level sequence, kids master a subset of syntactically valid Python. [children]
Heptagon - Heptagon is a synchronous dataflow language whose syntax and semantics is inspired from Lustre, with a syntax allowing the expression of control structures (e.g., switch or mode automata).
Heron - Heron is a small cross-platform language that was designed for ease of use, performance, and safety with a JavaScript like syntax. Heron emphasizes pure functional programming code, but looks like a traditional imperative or object-oriented code.
Herschel - Herschel is an general-purpose multiparadigm programming language. It is strongly typed, offering type inference and parametric polymorphism ("generics"). It is consequently object oriented (everything is a object, even functions), while its consequent multiple dispatch approach keeps a strong functional touch. The object model is class-oriented, supporting multiple inheritance as well as the separation of types ("protocols", "interfaces") and classes.
HGSL - A shading language that can be compiled into GLSL ES 3.0.
HicEst - Integrated development environment with graphical user interface designed for immediate results in the development of Windows applications.
Hilvi - Hilvl is a programming language that is versatile but with a very small syntax. All code in hilvl are single-argument invocations of actions that belong to services. Services are the fundamental building blocks of a hilvl program. And the name hilvl reflects how this is a higher level of abstraction than objects and functions.
Hobbes - Hobbes is built for high performance integration with C/C++ applications.
Hook - Hook is an imperative, cross-platform, dynamically typed scripting language that utilizes a mutable value semantics approach.
Hop - a multitier JavaScript also supports the Scheme programming language. With Hop.js, JavaScript and Scheme are fully interoperable and applications can mix both languages. This page mostly describes the JavaScript layer. The Scheme layer is described in a dedicated programming manual.
Hope - Hope is a lazily evaluated functional programming language developed in 1970's by Ross Paterson. It influenced the design of other lazy languages such as Miranda and Haskell.
Hylo - Hylo (formely Val) is a programming language that leverages mutable value semantics and generic programming for high-level systems programming.
HypoLambda - A very compact functional programming language for .NET. Its syntax is based on Python, but whitespaces are ignored. Everything is an expression. The language runtime is embeddable, its AST is accessible, and it compiles to portable pcode. There's a REPL you can play with, and the project includes lots of unit tests.
I - I is a programming language designed by the I Project. It has been designed to be efficient to write and run. The system incorporates many major libraries allowing the creation of major projects such as Aciqra. It is an interpreted language and supports CGI scripting through the use of the CGI for Aciv/I extension.
IBAL - IBAL is a functional language for specifying probabilistic models. Models in IBAL look like programs in a functional programming language. In the functional approach, a model is a description of a computational process. The process stochastically generates a value, and the meaning of the model is the distribution over the value generated by the process.
ICE - ICE: A new BASIC-like programming language for the CE calculators. ICE compiles a TI-BASIC-like language into eZ80 binary, the native machine code of the CE calculators.
Idle - Idle is a simple but powerful scripting language, in basically the same vein as the venerable Perl or Python languages. It is, however, an altogether more lightweight application: the basic installation zip weighs in at around 800 KB (and this includes the full documentation and loads of example scripts). At the core of Idle sits a tweaked and significantly enhanced version of Lua. Idle inherits from Lua its elegant and powerful language definition as well as a highly-optimised interpreter kernel (an extremely fast compiler is included as well). Idle, like Lua, is readily extended with additional functions, modules and libraries (which can be written either in C/C++ or in Idle itself).
Idris - Idris is a programming language designed to encourage Type-Driven Development. In Idris, types are first-class constructs in the langauge. This means types can be passed as arguments to functions, and returned from functions just like any other value, such as numbers, strings, or lists.
IENJINIA - IPL is the IENJINIA Programming Language used in the IENJINIA Devkit to write games for the IENJINIA Virtual Console. It is a very simple interpreted language with dynamic typing, static scoping and automatic garbage collection.
ilang - ilang is designed to be a new type of programming lanuage that supports different types of programming paradimes with a focus towards artificial inteligence
ILYC - ILYC is an interpreted programming language with a simple and friendly syntax, which is suitable for beginners and hobbyist. The purposes of creating such a language was for the author to practice programming and for others to study how to implement an interpreter in the .NET framework.
Imba - Imba is a friendly full-stack programming language for the web that compiles to performant JavaScript. It has language-level support for defining, extending, subclassing, instantiating and rendering DOM nodes.
Imp - Various experiments in relational programming
IMP - IMP is an "ALGOL-like" high-level language that was originally designed as the implementation language for the Edinburgh Multi-Access System, developed at Edinburgh University. It was widely used at Edinburgh University for implementing systems, teaching programming and as a general purpose programming language on many different machines. Because IMP did not see significant commercial adoption (unlike its contemporary, C and later C++), it is not generally available on current platforms. For the Edinburgh Computing History Project, which aims to collect and publish significant software archives from Edinburgh University, this was a problem, because much of that software heritage is written in IMP. The solution - to produce an IMP compiler for current mainstream Intel x86 machines.
Impulse - Impulse is a small, dynamically typed, message based prototypical language written with simplicity in mind. Its syntax and semantics are derived mostly from Ruby, Io, Smalltalk and Dylan, and it's purpose is to be a smarter 'scripting' language, with features such as trait composition, extension methods (wich solves monkey-patching), and constructor field initialization. A core goal is to keep the language, both the implementation and the syntax, small and lightweight.
Incanter - Incanter is a Clojure-based, R-like platform for statistical computing and graphics.
Inform 6 - The latest version of the Inform 6 compiler, used for generating interactive fiction games.
Inform 7 - Inform is a programming language for creating interactive fiction, using natural language syntax. Using natural language and drawing on ideas from linguistics and from literate programming, Inform is widely used as a medium for literary writing, as a prototyping tool in the games industry, and in education, both at school and university level (where Inform is often assigned material for courses on digital narrative). It has several times ranked in the top 100 most influential programming languages according to the TIOBE index. Created in April 2006, it was open-sourced in April 2022.
Ink - Ink is a minimal programming language inspired by modern JavaScript and Go, with functional style. Ink can be embedded in Go applications with a simple interpreter API.
Inko - Inko is a statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming language for writing concurrent programs.
Insanity - Insanity is a block-based programming language with powerful commands, such as file I/O, cloud variables, and much more. It is based off Scratch 1.4 by MIT.
interp - interp is a powerful programming language. Check-out the language features, then take the tour. It is targeted for Linux/Unix-based systems, yet remains adaptable to less powerful embedded systems that were never intended to host a programming language.
Io - Io is a pure object-oriented (relying on prototype-based paradigm) programming language focused on expressiveness through simplicity.
Ioke - Ioke is a dynamic language targeted at virtual machines, currently the Java Virtual Machine and the Common Language Runtime. It's been designed from scratch to be a highly flexible general purpose language. It is a prototype-based programming language that is inspired by Io, Smalltalk, Lisp and Ruby.
ipl - ipl stands for the Invocation (programming) Language, a concurrent programming language described by Karl Fant in his book Computer Science Reconsidered: The Invocation Model of Process Expression (Wiley-Interscience 2007).
IronAHK - IronAHK is a rewrite of AutoHotkey, a powerful and easy to use scripting language for automation on the desktop. It is developed in C# for .NET and Mono which brings cross-platform compatibility, increased performance, enhanced security, Unicode, native 64-bit support, smaller file sizes for compiled binaries and much more.
ironlua - IronLua currently features a working top-down-operator-precedence Lua 5.2 parser but no compiler for the time being. I do not plan on using the DLR. The solution also includes a C# interpreter, but it's all work-in-progress.
IronPython - IronPython is an open-source implementation of the Python programming language which is tightly integrated with .NET. IronPython can use .NET and Python libraries, and other .NET languages can use Python code just as easily.
IronRuby - IronRuby is a Open Source implementation of the Ruby programming language for .NET and Silverlight, heavily relying on Microsoft's Dynamic Language Runtime.
IronSapphire - Formerly Sapphire.NET, IronSapphire is aimed to be better than Sapphire.NET with its Pros, but none of its Cons. Sapphire is inspired by Conscript, C#, Python, VB.NET and Perl. It's developed in C#. Sapphire.NET is now called IronSapphire and will have improved syntax.
ISLISP - The ISLISP programming language is a member of the Lisp family of programming languages. It attempts to bridge the gap between the various incompatible members of the Lisp family of languages (most notably Common Lisp, Eulisp, LeLisp, and Scheme) by focusing on standardizing those areas of widespread agreement. It is a small language, closer to the size of Scheme than to Common Lisp, for example.
ISPC - Intel Implicit SPMD Program Compiler is a compiler for a variant of the C programming language, with extensions for single program, multiple data programming. Under the SPMD model, the programmer writes a program that generally appears to be a regular serial program, though the execution model is actually that a number of program instances execute in parallel on the hardware. [C dialect]
ispc - ispc is a compiler for a variant of the C programming language, with extensions for "single program, multiple data" (SPMD) programming. Under the SPMD model, the programmer writes a program that generally appears to be a regular serial program, though the execution model is actually that a number of program instances execute in parallel on the hardware. ispc compiles a C-based SPMD programming language to run on the SIMD units of CPUs and GPUs; it frequently provides a 3x or more speedup on architectures with 4-wide vector SSE units and 5x-6x on archituctures with 8-wide AVX vector units, without any of the difficulty of writing intrinsics code. Parallelization across multiple cores is also supported by ispc, making it possible to write programs that achieve performance improvement that scales by both number of cores and vector unit size.
ivy - Ivy is an interpreter for an APL-like language. It is a plaything and a work in progress.
Ivy - Ivy is an extensible, dynamically typed, late binding language intended to be used as an embedded command language. It can also be used stand-alone: it can execute script files from the command line or presents a read-eval-print loop (REPL) to the user if no files are given. Ivy's extensibility is based on the fact that statements are syntactically identical to function calls. Also blocks (surrounded by braces) may be used as function arguments. Thus, new user-defined statements can be added just by defining functions. Function arguments are packaged up as thunks and may have their evaluation delayed and execution environment modified. This allows user defined functions to do many of the things that traditional language statements can do.
ivy - Ivy is an open-source machine learning framework that
enables you to:
🔥 Autotune your model: Automatically find the optimal framework, compiler infrastructure and hardware for your specific use case using ivy.autotune.
🔄 Convert code into any framework: Use and build on top of any model, library, or device by converting any code from one framework to another using ivy.transpile.
⚒️ Write framework-agnostic code: Write your code once in ivy and then choose the most appropriate ML framework as the backend to leverage all the benefits and tools.
Ivy - Ivy is an embeddable byte-code compiled/interpreted language which is useful as both an extension and a command language. Its syntax is designed to be easy to learn and to be fairly good looking. Ivy currently supports four data types: integers, strings, functions and objects. Objects are late-binding storage devices which take the role of arrays, structures and simple look-up tables. Floating point or arbitrary length floating point numbers will be available in a future implementation. Ivy comes packaged as an interactive language like BASIC and LISP. You can either execute language statements immediately from the keyboard or run a program stored in a file. Ivy is also easy to embed into another program. Calls are provided to execute Ivy code and to add C function extensions to Ivy's interpreter.
IvyScript - The IvyScript language is used to write business rules, for manipulating process data and to define data mappings for Axon.Ivy. Axon.ivy is a Digital Business Platform that simplifies and automates the interaction of humans with their digital systems. The platform is typically in charge of the most precious business cases where companies produce value."
ixicl - ixicl is a runtime-mutable language engine capable of running script files or as a persistent daemon, and optionally storing program state in a realtime database. ixicl allows programmers to create the language used to accomplish the desired task, and add sub-languages for functionality such as scriptability. Control over the language itself allows implementation of security and cooperative programming mechanisms. It is written entirely in ANSI compliant C, and will compile on a wide variety of platforms. The developers have a background in ColdC and other persistent databases; ixicl will likely pick up where these less active projects left off.
Ixion - Ixion is a compiled programming language for the jvm platform, combining modern OOP and FP. Written in pure java.
J (40):
J - J is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is particularly suited to the mathematical, statistical, and logical analysis of data. It is a powerful tool for developing algorithms and exploring problems that are not already well understood.
J* - J* is a dynamic embeddable scripting language designed to be as easy as possible to embed into another program. It arises from the need of having a modern scripting language with built-in support for OOP whilst mantaning simplicity of use and a low memory footprint. It can be viewed as a middle ground between Python, a more complete scripting language with lots of features and libraries, and Lua, a small and compact language that is simple to embed but doesn't provide OOP functionalities out of the box. J* tries to take the best of both worlds, implementing a fully featured class system while maintaining a small standard library and employing the use of a stack based API for communication among the language and host program, rendering embedding simple.
Jabaco - Jabaco is a simple programming language with a Visual Basic like syntax. Jabaco enables you to create powerful software for all Java supported operating systems.
Jacinda - Functional, expression-oriented data processing language. APL meets AWK. A command-line tool for summarizing and reporting, powered by Rust's regex library.
Jakt - Jakt is a memory-safe systems programming language. It currently transpiles to C++.
Jal - Jal is a high-level language for a number of Microchip PIC (16c84, 16f84, 12c508, 12c509, 16F877) and Ubicom SX (SX18 and SX28) microcontrollers. I created Jal because I did not like any of the low-cost (or free) languages for these chips and implementing a high level language looked like a nice project. Implementing an existing HLL seemed more difficult and less fun than creating my own, so I just started writing the compiler and the language evolved on with it.
JALv2 - JALv2 is a rewrite of Wouter van Ooijen's famous Just Another Language.
JAM - JAM, a cross-platform tool for building client/server applications, has the unique ability to help develop complex applications with small amounts of custom coding. JAM applications can run unmodified on a diverse array of platforms and operating environments including MS Windows, MS DOS, HP HP-UX, Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, DEC UNIX, SCO OpenServer and Compaq/DEC OpenVMS. JAM also integrates seamlessly with the most popular relational databases, while providing transparent access to legacy systems via DRDA and ODBC.
Janet - Janet is a functional and imperative programming language and bytecode interpreter. It is a lisp-like language, but lists are replaced by other data structures (arrays, tables (hash table), struct (immutable hash table), tuples). The language also supports bridging to native code written in C, meta-programming with macros, and bytecode assembly.
Janino - Janino is a super-small, super-fast Java compiler. Janino can not only compile a set of source files to a set of class files like JAVAC, but also compile a Java expression, a block, a class body, one .java file or a set of .java files in memory, load the bytecode and execute it directly in the running JVM.
Jank - Jank is a Clojure dialect which aims to offer the best of both worlds: dynamic and static. For both of these worlds, jank uses a single runtime, so the transition from one to the other is not only seamless, it can be gradual.
Jason - Jason is an interpreter for an extended version of AgentSpeak. It implements the operational semantics of that language, and provides a platform for the development of multi-agent systems, with many user-customisable features. Jason is available Open Source, and is distributed under GNU LGPL
Jasp - JASP is a small preprocessor for Jass programming language.
JASS Tools - JASS Tools are tools for parsing and analyzing the JASS scripting language, which used for scripting Maps and AI files in Blizzard Entertainment's Warcraft III.
Javalin - The Javalin Set of Macros (JASM) provdies a universal specification that enables the assembly language programmer to easily develop object oriented applications. JASM is also portable. You can create OOP applications that run on all supported architectures and platforms.
Javauto - Javauto is an automation language, unique due to its ability to perform mouse clicks, simulate keyboard input, and perform pixel searches. It compiles to executable code that runs on the JVM, so any program you write will be cross platform.
Jazz - Jazz is a high-level programming language for expressing, in a concise and accurate way, large digital synchronous circuits. From a language-designer perspective, Jazz is a declarative, single-assignment, higher-order, lazy, functional, and object-oriented language with parameterized types and multi-methods. Jazz is strongly-typed (with a type-system derived from ML-sub) and supports both the explicit and implicit declaration of variables and methods thanks to a powerful constraint-based type-inference algorithm. The syntax of Jazz and its object model are Java-like and should look familiar to any Java programmer.
Jelly - Jelly is a tool for turning XML into executable code. So Jelly is a Java and XML based scripting and processing engine.
Jest - Jest is a simple, high-level programming language built around the concept of compile-time code generation - what is often called meta-programming. Focussing on code generation leads to a language that is clean and simple, and yet extremely expressive. For a more in-depth discussion, please see the Introduction, or read some of the blog articles as they are posted.
JFLAP - JFLAP is software for experimenting with formal languages topics including nondeterministic finite automata, nondeterministic pushdown automata, multi-tape Turing machines, several types of grammars, parsing, and L-systems. In addition to constructing and testing examples for these, JFLAP allows one to experiment with construction proofs from one form to another, such as converting an NFA to a DFA to a minimal state DFA to a regular expression or regular grammar.
Jif - Jif is a security-typed programming language that extends Java with support for information flow control and access control, enforced at both compile time and run time. The source code for the Jif compiler and run-time system is available for download. Jif is written in Java and is built using the Polyglot extensible Java compiler framework.
Jik - A readable, statically typed language that compiles to C and manages memory with regions.
Jim - Jim is an opensource small-footprint implementation of the Tcl programming language. It implements a large subset of Tcl and adds new features like references with garbage collection, closures, built-in Object Oriented Programming system, Functional Programming commands, first-class arrays and UTF-8 support. All this with a binary size of about 100-200kB (depending upon selected options).
Jinx - Embeddable scripting language for real-time applications.
jint - Jint is a Javascript interpreter for .NET which can run on any modern .NET platform as it supports.
jl - This is a small, embeddable LISP-like language. The intended use is for configuration files where it is desirable to be able to have complex configurations (JWM, for example).
JMatch - The JMatch language extends Java with pattern matching that supports both data abstraction and iteration abstraction. Patterns are not tied to algebraic data constructors as in ML; instead, a single JMatch method may be used in several modes, some of which can serve as patterns. JMatch provides modal abstraction that simplifies the specification and implementation of abstract data types. These modes that may share a common implementation as a boolean formula. Thus, the specification, implementation, and use of iteration abstractions are made convenient, by automatically finding multiple solutions to a formula or pattern.
JME - Java Math Expression - a powerful mathematical evaluator in Spanish and a structured script language, JMEScript, that makes use of it.
Joe-E - Joe-E is a subset of the Java programming language designed to support secure programming according to object-capability discipline. Joe-E is intended to facilitate construction of secure systems, as well as to facilitate security reviews of systems built in Joe-E.
Jolie - Jolie crystallises the programming concepts of service-oriented computing as linguistic constructs. The basic building blocks of software are not objects or functions, but rather services that can be relocated and replicated as needed. A composition of services is a service.
Jolt - Jolt is a systems programming language intended to be used anywhere one would use C++. It is as willing to get dirty in the name of performance. It is not willing to compromise in the name of compatibility with legacy languages. It is a language in which everything is an object, inheriting from Object, including the “primitive” types, and yet is capable of implementing many of these same types in itself. It includes features traditionally seen in dynamically-typed object-oriented languages such as Ruby, and even has some LISP features, yet does so in a way that preserves strong static typing and the performance benefits thereof.
Joy - The language Joy is a purely functional programming language. Whereas all other functional programming languages are based on the application of functions to arguments, Joy is based on the composition of functions. All such functions take a stack as argument and produce a stack as value. Consequently much of Joy looks like ordinary postfix notation. However, in Joy a function can consume any number of parameters from the stack and leave any number of results on the stack. The concatenation of appropriate programs denotes the composition of the functions which the programs denote. One of the datatypes of Joy is that of quoted programs, of which lists are a special case. Some functions expect quoted programs on top of the stack and execute them in many different ways, effectively by dequoting.
JS++ - JS++ is a programming language designed for high-quality web and mobile development.
Jsi - Jsi is a C (+/-) embeddable JavaScript interpreter alternative to languages such as Python, Lua, and Tcl
Juka - Juka Programming Language - Rapid Prototyping Language built to run on Azure Microsoft Server. Juka's goal is to be a universal programming language that can run on any platform. Juka is being built on top of .NET network and runs on any platform that supports .NET. Juka can also compile programs into executables.
Jule - An effective programming language to build efficient, fast, reliable and safe software.
Julia - Julia is a high-level, high-performance, dynamic programming language. While it is a general-purpose language and can be used to write any application, many of its features are well suited for numerical analysis and computational science.
Juvix - A more elegant language for a more civilized age. Juvix synthesizes a high-level frontend syntax, dependent-linearly-typed core language, whole-program optimisation system, and backend-swappable execution model into a single unified stack for writing formally verifiable, efficiently executable smart contracts which can be deployed to a variety of distributed ledgers.
K (41):
K - A proprietary array processing programming language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb+, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and contains elements of Scheme. Advocates of the language emphasize its speed, facility in handling arrays, and expressive syntax.
KAGSA - KAGSA is a new Interpreted programming language based on Python, the language will be practical and reliable in your projects.
Kal - Kal is a highly readable, easy-to-use language that compiles to JavaScript. It's designed to be asynchronous and can run both on node.js and in the browser. Kal makes asynchronous programming easy and clean by allowing functions to pause and wait for I/O, replacing an awkward callback syntax with a clean, simple syntax.
Kalaam - Kalaam is the first-ever programming language in Hindi and has all the basic functionalities of a modern programming language. From for loops to while loops and from functions to conditional statements.
kalimat - Kalimat is an educational programming language for Arabic-speaking children. It aims for readability and an easy to understand syntax while providing enough features to allow for complex, interesting and fun programs.
Kalyn - Self-hosting compiler from a Haskell-like Lisp directly to x86-64, developed fully from scratch.
Kantalo - It is a new programming language, not object-oriented, with the aim of being simpler and having a lower learning curve.
kaoscript - kaoscript is programming language combining features from ES7, CoffeeScript, TypeScript, Rust, Swift, C# and more. Currently, kaoscript is transpiled to JavaScript.
Kapreolo - an interactive functional programming language.
Karel The Robot - Karel The Robot is a robot simulator that affords a gentle introduction to computer programming. Users write Karel programs and feed them to the simulator to watch them execute. Karel's programming language is similar to Pascal.
KaryScript - KaryScript is an experimental language to test the possibilities of a more readable textual language. It compiles to ES6 and can be considered a much better ECMAScript
Katahdin - Katahdin is a programming language where the syntax and semantics are mutable at runtime. Katahdin employs the theory of parsing expression grammars and packrat parsing. Unlike other contemporary work, Katahdin applies these techniques at runtime to allow the grammar to be modified by a running program. New constructs such as expressions and statements can be defined, or a new language can be implemented from scratch. It is built as an interpreter on the Mono implementation of the .NET framework.
KataScript - KataScript is a simple scripting language with familiar syntax, designed to be easily embedded in C++ applications (In-Browser Demo).
Kawa - Kawa is a general-purpose programming language that runs on the Java platform. It aims to combine:
the benefits of dynamic scripting languages (non-verbose code with less boiler-plate, fast and easy start-up, a REPL, no required compilation step); with
the benefits of traditional compiled languages (fast execution, static error detection, modularity, zero-overhead Java platform integration).
KCL - KCL is an open-source, constraint-based record and functional language that enhances the writing of complex configurations, including those for cloud-native scenarios. With its advanced programming language technology and practices, KCL is dedicated to promoting better modularity, scalability, and stability for configurations. It enables simpler logic writing and offers ease of automation APIs and integration with homegrown systems. [Configuration]
Keli - Keli is a general purpose programming language where its semantics are mostly based on the pure functional programming model (as of Haskell's) which includes user-defined algebraic datatypes, case matching and higher-order functions, while its syntactic structure is strongly influenced by Smalltalk's message sending syntax, such as the unary, binary and keywords messages.
Kempe - Kempe is a stack-based language and toy compiler for x86_64 and aarch64. It requires the nasm assembler when targeting x86_64.
Kernel - Kernel is a conservative, Scheme-like dialect of Lisp in which everything is a first-class object.
Kew - Kew is a powerful but small object-oriented programming language that offers many advanced features, including proper closures, first-class variables, relations, continuations, exceptions, dynamic variables, security, transactions, persistence....
Key - a dynamic language that allowed both class abstraction and object description.
Keysharp - Keysharp is a fork and improvement of the abandoned IronAHK project, which itself was a C# re-write of the C++ AutoHotkey project. The intent is for Keysharp to run on Windows, Linux and eventually Mac. For now, only Windows is supported.
Kin - Kin is a straightforward programming language created with the purpose of aiding Kinyarwanda speakers in easily learning programming.
Kind - A minimal, efficient and practical programming language that aims to rethink functional programming from the scratch, and make it right. Under the hoods, it is basically Haskell, except without historical mistakes, and with a modern, consistent design. On the surface, it aims to be more practical, and to look more like conventional languages. Kind is statically typed, and its types are so powerful that you can prove mathematical theorems on it.
Kind - Kind is a pure functional programming language and proof assistant.
kink - Kink is an object-based programming language, adopting object system without inheritance, and delimited continuation as a building block of control structures.
Kite - Kite is a programming language designed to minimize as much of the programmer experience as possible — quick development and running time and low CPU and memory usage. As this is a new project, we're just getting things started. Feel free to poke around and learn more!
Kitsune - Kitsune is a simple prototype based programming language. Compiles to C++ for portability. Reasonably Fast. Have fun creating a new programming language. Has a good/complete standard library with a focus on games.
Kitten - A statically typed concatenative systems programming language. Kitten is a statically typed, stack-based functional programming language designed for simplicity, speed, and safety. This is an in-progress implementation of that language, including:
An interactive console for testing code;
An interpreter;
A native-code compiler producing static executables (incomplete).
KiXtart - KiXtart is a free-format scripting language and has rich built-in functionality for easy scripting. It supports COM (providing access to ADSI, ADO, WMI, etc) and thus is easily extensible. Since version 4.50 KiXtart comes with inbuild pre-tokenization system for faster loading and smaller scripts and providing some level of intellectual property protection through obfuscation. 4.60 is the first version with com implementation which allows you to use kixtart from any windows application. 4.70 is the latest version
Klaxon - Minimalist RPN language that compiles to x86-64 assembly
klisp - klisp is an implementation of the Kernel Programming Language, a Scheme-like programming language by John N. Shutt in which all objects are first-class.
Klong - Klong is an array language, like K, but without the ambiguity. If you know K or APL, you may be disappointed by Klong. If you don't know any array languages, it might explode your brain. Use at your own risk!
Koan - The design of Koan is inspired in three main programming languages: Smalltalk/Perl/Scheme; this selection of language has been an entirely personal preference but that is based on the idea of offering the best of each of these languages paradigms mixed in a clean syntax/semantic language/implementation. As a real general purpose programming language, Koan is also intended to solve real problems in real life. The idea of Koan is to focus in easy interoperability with other programs (scripting/embedded capabilities) and easy interfacing with languages like C.
kobol - Kobol is a JVM-hosted programming language that preserves what makes COBOL enduringly valuable — English-like readability, first-class decimal arithmetic, data-first structure, and suitability for long-lived business programs — while bringing that same clarity to ordinary JVM infrastructure. It runs anywhere Java runs, so no specialized mainframe environment is required.
Kodu - Kodu is a new visual programming language made specifically for creating games. It is designed to be accessible for children and enjoyable for anyone. The programming environment runs on the Xbox, allowing rapid design iteration using only a game controller for input.
Kogut - Kogut is an experimental programming language which supports impurely functional programming and a non-traditional flavor of object-oriented programming. Its semantics is most similar to Scheme or Dylan, but the syntax looks more like ML or Ruby.
Koka - Koka: a functional language with effects. Koka is a strongly typed functional-style language with effect types and handlers.
kona - Open-source implementation of the K programming language
KonsolScript - Free and open game programming language for aspiring game programmers
KPHP - KPHP takes your PHP source code and converts it to a C++ equivalent, then compiles the generated C++ code and runs it within an embedded HTTP server. You could call KPHP a transpiler, but we call it a compiler.
Ksi Scheme - Ksi is a portable, embeddable Scheme implementation written in C.
L (77):
L - L is a high-level, open-source, general-purpose and system programming language which emphasizes readability, simplicity, extensibility, conciseness and performance. The L compiler features native code generation through LLVM, and is fully documented in a literate programming style. The language and compiler are usable, but are under heavy development as new features are being implemented.
L - L is both a language and an operating environment, like Smalltalk. It is capability-secure and distributed, like E. The language is a derivative of lambda calculus, hence it is small, block-structured, dynamically-typed, and functional. State is implicitly threaded through all function calls and returns, allowing simulation of dynamic scope and side-effects. Each thread runs in its own transaction, upon completion its state changes are committed. Any concurrent threads that conflict are aborted and re-executed at a higher priority. Each commited state change is an event. Event handlers spawn new threads (repeating the cycle).
L+ - The language our compiler takes as input, called L+, supports most constructs from C (variables, branches, loops, functions, recursion and I/O) albeit with some limitations and some additions. The L+ compiler generates Java Bytecode. L+ programs can be run on any platform with a Java VM installed.
L++ - L++ is a programming language that transcompiles to C++. It uses Lisp-like syntax.
L.B.Stanza - L.B. Stanza (or Stanza for short) is a new optionally-typed general purpose programming language from the University of California, Berkeley. Stanza was designed to help programmers tackle the complexity of architecting large programs and significantly increase the productivity of application programmers across the entire software development life cycle.
L.in.oleum - L.in.oleum is an unstructured, untyped, procedural programming language. And more specifically, it's a form of cross-platform assembly language. It is oriented to the developement of general-purpose applications, especially when 100% portability, execution speed and module compactness is requested. This language has an almost 1:1 source-to-CPU instruction ratio, allows direct access to five general-purpose registers (performing basic operations from a theoretical 2 up to a pratical of even 10 times faster than memory-held variables), and if used well, is averagely twice as fast as C in pure computational power.
Laby - Your robot ant can be programmed in many languages: OCaml, Python, C, C++, Java, Ruby, Lua, JavaScript, Pascal, Perl, Scheme, Vala, Prolog. Experienced programmers may also add their own favorite language.
Lahlang - Lahlang is a fun, expressive programming language inspired by Singlish and Singaporean culture, designed for learning and experimentation.
Lake - The Lake programming language: C but sweeter
λanguage - λanguage is a dynamically typed functional language that compiles through CPS to JavaScript, packaged with lm, a low-level language sharing the same minimal syntax and targeting four independent backends: C, WebAssembly, ARM64 and a bytecode VM. A single program can be sent through all four backends and timed against them.
Lang5 - A Perl based interpreter for a language which is a blend of Forth and APL. The power of lang5 stems from its arrays operations in conjunction with the underlying Forth programming paradigm of bottom up programming.
language machine - The language machine is an efficient and usable toolkit for language and grammar. It aims to be directly and immediately useful, and it embodies a powerful model of language. This requires a paradigm shift but it comes with a diagram which explains how it works. In the documentation you will find numerous examples including the metalanguage compiler frontend and the rules that generate these pages. There is also a demonstration that the language machine can very directly represent and evaluate the lambda calculus, and an outline of its place in relation to theory.
Language Processor - I did what any real geek would do; I have written a compiler compiler. It is called Language Processor. A software that you can feed in a language definition with its semantic and you get an object that can run your program in your defined language.
Larceny - Larceny is a simple and efficient implementation of the Scheme programming language. Created originally as a test vehicle for research on garbage collection and compiler optimizations, Larceny has grown into a major multiplatform system. Larceny supports the four most important standards for Scheme: IEEE/ANSI, R5RS, R6RS, and R7RS. Development of Larceny has been supported by NSF, Sun Microsystems, and Microsoft.
Lark - Lark is an experiment in designing a homoiconic language with a syntax inspired by SmallTalk. It's very early, so there isn't much to see yet, but you can play with it.
LASIC - LASIC is a language that facilitates creating and managing systems in a cloud environment. It allows you to create scripts that describe a system, its components, and the relationship between those components using a declarative syntax. Various verbs can then be applied to the script such as deploy (create a new system), shutdown, or runAction(run some action on components of the system). LASIC currently supports Amazon's cloud environment (AWS). LASIC stands for Language for Automating Systems in the Cloud.
Lateralus - Lateralus is a pipeline-native programming language with a register-based VM, C backend for native compilation, its own assembly format (LTasm), a full LSP implementation, and bare-metal OS support. Features pipeline operators, async/await, pattern matching, and a module system.
Latte - Latte, the Language for Transforming Text, is a simple and powerful language for including markup in text documents. Documents written in Latte can be converted to high-quality HTML, making it a better language for writing World Wide Web documents.
Lava - an experimental object-oriented rapid application development (RAD) language with type parameters ("virtual types"), refactoring, and extensive static checks, that prevent inadvertent access to uninitialized variables and null objects already at programming time.
The Lava programming environment LavaPE replaces text editors completely by structure editors.
It provides an inheritance notion not only for single classes, but also for packages (= collections of related classes, which may have type parameters, too).
LC-3 - Version 3.01 of the Windows LC-3 assembler and simulator
ldetect - execute different commands based on stdin text language
ldpl - Compiled programming language for Unix systems, inspired by COBOL and designed to be expressive, fast, readable and easy to learn.
Leafscript - Leafscript is a lightweight programming language created as a proof of concept by someone with no idea how to write a language. It's written entirely in Golang, and was inspired by the speed and simplicity of Lua.
Lean - Lean is an open source theorem prover and programming language being developed at Microsoft Research. Lean aims to bridge the gap between interactive and automated theorem proving, by situating automated tools and methods in a framework that supports user interaction and the construction of fully specified axiomatic proofs.
LeekScript - Leek Wars is a programming game in which you have to create the most powerful leek and destroy your enemies!
Develop your own artificial intelligence thanks to LeekScript, an easy to learn language and become the best farmer!
Lemick - Lemick is a programming language with BASIC syntax, it's a typed and a compiled language, its source is compiled into a platform-independent virtual machine assembler that is later transformed into a platform-dependent representation by the just-in-time compiler. Lemick supports concurrent and distributed programming (multi-threading and distributed multi-threading). Rendezvous are used for message passing; replicas and ultra-weak consistency model implement distributed shared memory simulation. Extension of exception handling mechanism, including distributed version is being developed now. Lemick favors mixed procedural and object-oriented programming style.
LENS - LENS stands for "Language for Embeddable .NET Scripting".
Leo - Leo is a functional, statically-typed programming language built for writing private applications. Leo provides a high-level language that abstracts low-level cryptographic concepts and makes it easy to integrate private applications into your stack. Leo compiles to circuits making zero-knowledge proofs practical.
Leo - a HTML precompiler for static home page generation. It detects special HTML tags in your page and generates HTML code out of it
Letlang - Functional language with a powerful type system.
Lever - Lever is a loosely specified general purpose programming language, and a runtime implementation of that language. Many tradeoffs have been made to obtain high plasticity worthy of pride. To make use of this every feature is tried in practice to level out prickly details in the language before a major release.
levy - An implementation of Paul Levy's call-by-push-value language. The language has the following constructs:
integers with arithmetical operations *, +, `-``
booleans with conditional statements and comparison =, < of integers
functions
general recursion (fixpoint operator)
call-by-push-value features: return, thunk, force, sequencing, and let binding
Call-by-push-value is very precise about what gets evaluated when and can express both call-by-value and call-by-name.
lfyre - lfyre is a general purpose, compiled programming language. It offers high performance, expressive power and flexibility. It has many features found in other languages, plus extra features as creating new operators, keywords and programming paradigms.
LHDL - LHDL - while not a hardware description language, may be seen as the first step in that direction. Check out the README for more information. Also see the ChangeLog. LHDL is Open Source -- released under an MIT-style license. See included LICENSE file for more information.
Lhogho - Lhogho is a free version of the programming language Logo and a promoter of its educational philosophy. It is specially designed to be performant, miniature, open-minded and ... artistic.
Libra - Libra is a basic stack-based programming language simulated through Haskell. Heavily inspired by Porth and Forth
Libra - Libra - Lazy Interpreter of Binary Relational Algebra
Libretto - a dynamic general purpose object-oriented programming language
LIL - LIL (stands for Little Interpreted Language) is a small highly dynamic scripting language inspired by Tcl and unix shells. LIL has two implementations, one written in C, which consists of a pair of .c and .h files and one in Free Pascal, which consists of a single pas file (a unit). Also a Lazarus package for the latter is provided.
Lily - Lily is statically-typed, with an interpreter as a reference. Lily uses reference counting for memory management with garbage collection as a fallback.
LinearML - Functional language for parallel programming
Lingo - Lingo makes it easy to learn to program for Windows. If you're new to programming, you can download Lingo and write your first program very easily. And experienced programmers benefit because Lingo is quick to install and simple to use! Lingo includes a Developer Environment for designing forms, managing projects and debugging.
Links - Links is a functional programming language designed to make web programming easier.
lisaac - motivation: focused on expressiveness through simplicity; programming for operating systems; speed execution; no virtual machine; software engineering
pure: minimal syntax; all values are objects; prototype-based object model; everything is a message
dynamic: all messages are dynamic; code is a runtime modifiable tree; delayed evaluation block; differential inheritance; dynamic and multiple inheritance
security: strong type; design by contract; genericity
accessible: small; embeddable; open source
inspiration: self; smallTalk; Eiffel; C (for hardware support)
LispE - A Lisp implementation with Data Structure, Arithmetic Type, Array Instructions, Pattern Matching and many many different instructions and libraries. LispE is a mix of functional and array languages.
LITTLE - LITTLE is a new programming language, looking like LISP, but pure Object-Oriented.
Little - Little is a statically-typed scripting language that combines C syntax and types with Perl's regexes and associative arrays, and dynamically compiles the whole lot to Tcl byte-codes. All Tcl/Tk facilities are available to Little, and source files can interleave Little and Tcl code that call each other.
Little - Little is a statically typed, C-like scripting language.
Little Man Computer - The Little Man Computer (LMC) is a simplified example of computer hardware and software which can be used to explain the fundamental principles of computer engineering. The LMC contains all of the components of modern computers: Memory, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), and input/output capability. A small but powerful programming language is used which allows the programmer to define a computation or operation for the Little Man to perform. By writing and executing simple programs, the student is able to understand the function of each component of the hardware. Writing, debugging and executing LMC programs is supported by a color menu-driven software package written in the C programming language for the DOS environment. This paper describes the organization of the LMC, the machine language of the LMC, the LMC assembly language, the LMC Assembler, and the menu-driven user interface for the LMC.
Lizard - Lizard is a domain-specific language to define and control hardware behaviour. It is intended to run on embedded systems which are connected to motor controllers, sensors etc. Most of the time it is used in combination with a higher level engine like ROS or RoSys. You can think of the microcontroller as the machine's lizard brain which ensures basic safety and performs all time-critical actions.
LMQL - LMQL is a programming language for large language models (LLMs) based on a superset of Python. LMQL offers a novel way of interweaving traditional programming with the ability to call LLMs in your code. It goes beyond traditional templating languages by integrating LLM interaction natively at the level of your program code.
lnzscript - LnzScript lets you automate Windows with JavaScript.
Lobster - Lobster is a statically typed programming language with a Python-esque syntax that combines the advantages of an expressive type system and compile-time memory management with a very lightweight, friendly and terse syntax, by doing most of the heavy lifting for you.
Loci - Loci is a multi-paradigm systems programming language. Or, to describe it in a slightly more intuitive way, it’s very similar to, and a close competitor of, C++.
Logix - Logix is more than a programming language. It is multi-language programming system. With Logix, each part of your program can be developed in a language that is finely tuned to the task. Featuring a procedural macro facility, dynamic syntax extension, and multi-language parsing. A new operator, complete with syntax and semantics, can be added on-the-fly with a single line of code.
Logtalk - Logtalk is a declarative object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with modern code encapsulation and code reuse mechanisms while also providing improved predicate semantics.
Implemented as a trans-compiler in highly portable, extensively tested, and well documented code, it can use most modern and standards compliant Prolog implementations as a backend compiler.
As a multi-paradigm language, it includes support for modules, prototypes, classes, protocols (interfaces), categories (components and hot patching), event-driven programming, and high-level multi-threading programming. Distributed under a commercial friendly license, it includes full documentation, portable libraries, portable developer tools, and a large number of programming examples to help get you started.
Loko - Loko is an interactive interpreter for the Logo programming language targeting MakoVM, an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games. Logo is best known for beginner-oriented "Turtle Graphics" functionality, but internally the language is actually a dynamically-scoped member of the Lisp family. As such, Logo provides sophisticated list manipulation facilities and support for higher-order functions.
LOLCODE - This is a love letter to very clever people who are slightly bored. I had no idea there were so many of us out there. (from the FAQ)
Loment - Loment is a systems programming language that compiles to native x86-64 (Linux ELF, Windows PE, or a freestanding object for bare metal) with no runtime and no libc by default, and its compiler driver is written in the language itself. [AI, System].
Looking Glass - Looking Glass is a programming environment for ages 10 and up. With Looking Glass, you can create and share animated stories, simple games, and even virtual pets.
Loop - Our vision of Loop is to provide new infrastructure specialists with a “one-stop shop” for most of the software-defined infrastructure tools that are used in home environments, and cloud services. Think of Load balancers, Infrastructure as Code, monitoring, and containerization. These tools exist individually; However, having one language that handles different aspects of virtual infra all while having your application besides it is new. We like to call it infrastructure with code.
Lox - jlox & clox implementations of educational Lox language from great book "Crafting Interpreters".
LSCRIPT - The Lcomp Scripting Engine is a scripting engine written in Visual BASIC for DOS 1.0 that can be used by a programmer to write automatated scripts to perform routine actions in DOS. It can be used as a simple automation tool or a vast programming language
LSTS - LSTS is a proof assistant and maybe a programming language. Proofs in LSTS are built by connecting terms, type definitions, and quantified statements. Terms can be evaluated to obtain Values. Types describe properties of Terms. Statements describe relations between Terms and Types.
Lua - Lua is a powerful, efficient, lightweight, embeddable scripting language. It supports procedural programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming, data-driven programming, and data description. Lua combines simple procedural syntax with powerful data description constructs based on associative arrays and extensible semantics. Lua is dynamically typed, runs by interpreting bytecode with a register-based virtual machine, and has automatic memory management with incremental garbage collection, making it ideal for configuration, scripting, and rapid prototyping.
Luau - A fast, small, safe, gradually typed embeddable scripting language derived from Lua.
Luban - Luban is a component oriented scripting language. Luban is free and open source. Luban is named after a legendary ancient Chinese civil engineer and carpenter two thousand year ago whose constructions are still in use today.
Lucid - Lucid is a non-imperative dataflow language, designed over 20 years ago by William W. Wadge and Edward A. Ashcroft. The idea is that nearly all programming languages are based in the idea of flow of control. What do we get when we try to orient around flow of data instead? One immediate reaction would be, well, I bet it is like programming with pipes and filters in UNIX", and sure enough it is, but Lucid goes a little beyond that.
Lucid Synchrone - Lucid Synchrone is an experimental language for the implementation of reactive systems. It is based on the synchronous model of time as provided by Lustre combined with some features from ML languages.
Lunex - A fast, statically scoped scripting language for backend development, built in Go. It includes a built-in standard library with support for HTTP, file system access, cryptography, databases, WebSockets, and more. Runs on Linux, macOS, Windows, and Android. [Scripting]
Lush - Lush is an object-oriented programming language designed for researchers, experimenters, and engineers interested in large-scale numerical and graphic applications. Lush is designed to be used in situations where one would want to combine the flexibility of a high-level, weakly-typed interpreted language, with the efficiency of a strongly-typed, natively-compiled language, and with the easy integration of code written in C, C++, or other languages. Lush is Free Software (under the GPL license) and runs on GNU/Linux, Solaris, Irix, and Windows under Cygwin. Lush can be used advantageously for projects where one would otherwise use a combination of an interpreted language like Matlab, Python, Perl, S+, or even (gasp!) BASIC, and a compiled language like C. Lush brings the best of both worlds by wrapping three languages into one: (1) a weakly-typed, garbage-collected, dynamically scoped, interpreted language with a simple Lisp-like syntax, (2) a strongly-typed, lexically-scoped compiled language that uses the same Lisp-like syntax, and (3) the C language, which can be freely mixed with Lush code within a single program, even within a single function. It sounds complicated, but it is not. In fact, Lush is designed to be very simple to learn and easy to use.
Lux - Lux is a new programming language in the making. It's meant to be a functional, statically-typed Lisp that will run on several platforms, such as the Java Virtual Machine and JavaScript, Python, Lua, or Ruby interpreters.
LX - LX is a general purpose compiled programming language, like C, C++, Pascal, Ada or Eiffel. Although LX borrowed a lot from these respected ancestors and many others, trying to incrementally improve over each of them, LX still differs from all these other languages
Lygon - Lygon is a logic programming language that is based on linear logic. It can be viewed as Prolog extended with features derived from linear logic. These features include a declarative notion of state and the ability to express problems involving concurrency. Also, the availability of use once predicates allows simple solutions to problems such as graph manipulation. Although the design of Lygon relies on a delicate proof-theoretic analysis of linear logic, programmers need have no knowledge of proof theory.
LyteScript - An interpreted, stack-based programming language with object-oriented features.
M (85):
m80 - A build-tool independant framework for linking builds for a complete one touch system deployment in multiple environments. Includes a centralized metadata repository, code-generator framework, scripting language, re-usable macro libraries, and more.
Macro Lambda Calculus - lambda calculus using interaction nets, providing CLI and API. Its browserified version is available as an online demo.
MAD - Music as Data (MAD) is a live programming language/environment based on Processing.org written in Clojure. MAD lets you treat music as data and apply data transformation on the fly so you can experiment with notes and samples.
Magda - Magda is based upon the core notion of mixin as the only unit of reuse. The power of modularization of mixins is enhanced by two unique features. The first feature is the modularization of constructors. In Magda, many mixins with independent definitions of constructors can be combined without the need to copy any code and without the risk of clashes. The second distinctive feature modifies the way declarations of new methods, overriding methods, and method calls are done, in order to rule out accidental name clashes, even with respect to future modifications
of the code.
Magmide - A dependently-typed language intended to make provably correct code possible for working software engineers.
Magnet - Magnet is an object-oriented programming language, that is prototype-based to the point of real types being absent in favor of duck types. E.g. every object providing a read method that returns a readable, is considered "readable" (meaning it can represent a string). Since this causes a recursion, there must be some "primal" readable to end that: Such primal readable is also known as a String Object in Magnet. Furthermore, Magnet is syntax driven. This means: Everything that can be done to reduce code, retain simplicity and to amaze the developer, IS done!
Magpie - Magpie is a small dynamically-typed programming language built around patterns, classes, and multimethods. It has a prototype interpreter that runs on the JVM and an in-progress bytecode VM written in C++.
Maker - Maker, a Forth-inspired compiled language targeting Mako. Mako is an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games.
MakoForth - MakoForth is a small Forth dialect targeting MakoVM, an extremely simple stack-based virtual machine intended for the creation of video games. MakoForth should be moderately familiar to anyone who has been exposed to ANS-Forth. The major notable differences are the use of # as line comments, loop...(break)...again|until|while looping constructs and the inclusion of syntax for inline double-quoted string constants. Cells are always 32-bit two's complement signed integers.
Mango - Mango draws on the following langauges: SETL - set operations; ALGOL - imperative block structure and syntax; C - low level ops, low overhead, maps well to machine, syntax; ML - type inference, type syntax; ADA - type inference, fine grained control over primitives; PYTHON - indentation based syntax; JAVA - interfaces; C++ - set of standard collections (STL), operator; overloading, io syntax; CLU - iterators; PASCAL - sets (bit masks); PERL - richness of expressibility; COBOL - readable syntax
MANOOL - MANOOL is a programming language designed with an idea to maximize the expressive power / implementation complexity ratio.
Manticore - Manticore is a high-level parallel programming language aimed at general-purpose applications running on multi-core processors. Manticore supports parallelism at multiple levels: explicit concurrency and coarse-grain parallelism via CML-style constructs and fine-grain parallelism via various light-weight notations, such as parallel tuple expressions and NESL/Nepal-style parallel array comprehensions.
MarkovJunior - MarkovJunior is a probabilistic programming language where programs are combinations of rewrite rules and inference is performed via constraint propagation. MarkovJunior is named after mathematician Andrey Andreyevich Markov, who defined and studied what is now called Markov algorithms.
Marrow - A low-level, self-hosted systems programming language built close to the bone. [System]
Mars - Mars is a very simple imperative programming language with a catch: all of the functions and expressions are pure. That means when you call a function, it is guaranteed to have no side-effects: it can't mutate its arguments, modify global variables, or perform input/output. But unlike other pure languages, Mars gives you all the nice features of imperative programming, like local variable assignments and loops. The compiler also automatically converts inefficient copy-and-update operations into in-place destructive operations. Mars also has some other nice features borrowed from functional programming: a strong static type system, algebraic data types, pattern-matching switch statements, and higher-order functions. Mars is an experiment, not a full-featured programming language. You can use it for playing with the boundaries between imperative and declarative programming, but we don't recommend you write real software with it.
